Minicircle DNA Vector Preparations and Methods of Making and Using the Same

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides minicircle nucleic acid vector formulations for use in administering to a subject, wherein the minicircle nucleic acid vectors include a polynucleotide of interest, a product hybrid sequence of a unidirectional site-specific recombinase, and are devoid of plasmid backbone bacterial DNA sequences. Also provided are methods of producing the subject formulations as well as methods for administering the minicircle nucleic acid vector formulations to a subject. The subject methods and compositions find use in a variety of different applications, including both research and therapeutic applications.

GOVERNMENT RIGHTS

This invention was made with government support under federal grant nos.HL 64274 awarded by National Institutes of Health. The United StatesGovernment has certain rights in this invention.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The introduction of an exogenous nucleic acid sequence (e.g., DNA) intoa cell, a process known as “transformation,” plays a major role in avariety of biotechnology and related applications, including research,synthetic and therapeutic applications. Research applications in whichtransformation plays a critical role include the production oftransgenic cells and animals. Synthetic applications in whichtransformation plays a critical role include the production of peptidesand proteins, as well as therapeutic RNAs, such as interference RNA orribozymes. Therapeutic applications in which transformation plays a keyrole include gene therapy applications. Because of the prevalent roletransformation plays in the above and other applications, a variety ofdifferent transformation protocols have been developed.

In many transformation applications, it is desirable to introduce theexogenous DNA in a manner such that it provides for long-term expressionof the protein encoded by the exogenous DNA. Long-term expression ofexogenous DNA is primarily achieved through incorporation of theexogenous DNA into a target cell's genome. One means of providing forgenome integration is to employ a vector that is capable of homologousrecombination. Techniques that rely on homologous recombination can bedisadvantageous in that the necessary homologies may not always exist;the recombination events may be slow; etc. As such, homologousrecombination based protocols are not entirely satisfactory.

Accordingly, alternative viral based transformation protocols have beendeveloped, in which a viral vector is employed to introduce exogenousDNA into a cell and then subsequently integrate the introduced DNA intothe target cell's genome. Viral based vectors finding use includeretroviral vectors, e.g., Maloney murine leukemia viral based vectors.Other viral based vectors that find use include adenovirus derivedvectors, HSV derived vectors, sindbis derived vectors, etc. While viralvectors provide for a number of advantages, their use is not optimal inmany situations. Disadvantages associated with viral based vectorsinclude immunogenicity, viral based complications, as well asintegration mediated mutation problems, and the like.

Therefore, there is continued interest in the development of additionalmethods of transforming cells with exogenous nucleic acids to providefor persistent, long-term expression of an encoded protein. Ofparticular interest is the development of a non-viral in vivo nucleicacid transfer protocol and vector that provides for persistent proteinexpression without concomitant genome integration, where the vectorprovides for persistent expression in a manner that is independent ofthe sequence and direction of the expression cassette present on thevector.

Relevant Literature

U.S. Patents of interest include U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,985,847 and 5,922,687.Also of interest are WO/11092 and published U.S. Patent ApplicationPublication No. 20040214329. Additional references of interest include:Wolff et al., “Direct Gene Transfer into Mouse Muscle in Vivo,” Science(March 1990) 247: 1465-1468; Hickman et al., “Gene Expression FollowingDirect Injection of DNA into Liver,” Hum. Gen. Ther. (December 1994)5:1477-1483; Acsadi et al., “Direct Gene Transfer and Expression intoRat Heart in Vivo,” New Biol. (January 1991) 3:71-81; and Chen ZY etal., Human Gene Therapy 16:126, 2005.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides minicircle nucleic acid vectorformulations for use in administering to a subject. The minicirclenucleic acid vectors comprise a polynucleotide of interest, e.g. asequence of interest for expression; a sequence that is the product of arecombination event of a unidirectional site-specific recombinase, andare devoid of plasmid backbone bacterial DNA sequences (plasmid BB).Features of the technology include a minicircle preparation thatcontains a single population of minicircle comprising a monomer of thetransgene expression cassette, which is the optimal structure fordelivery and gene expression in vivo and is substantially free ofundesirable endonuclease and recombinase genes encoded in circular DNA,allowing making clinical grade of minicircle DNA vector more easily; aprocedure that allows the use of greatly reduced amounts of L-arabinoseto induce DNA editing enzymes, cutting the minicircle manufacture costssignificantly; and a smaller vector size, which allows greater ease ofconstruction for the parental plasmid.

The formulations comprising the minicircle nucleic acid vectors arecharacterized by being substantially free of contaminating nucleic acidsequences, and more importantly being completely free of circularcontaminating nucleic acids sequences coding for a recombinase, such asPhiC31, and/or contaminating nucleic acids sequences coding for arestriction endonuclease, such as ISce 1. Such contaminating sequencesare undesirable because, in the unlikely possibility they aretransferred into the recipient cells and expressed during thetransformation process, the expression product would be capable ofdamaging recipient's genomic DNA.

Also provided are methods of producing the subject formulations, as wellas methods for administering the minicircle nucleic acid vectorformulations to a subject. The subject methods and compositions find usein a variety of different applications, including both research andtherapeutic applications.

The present invention further provides a system for genomicmodification, where an exogenous genetic sequence is integrated into thegenome of a targeted cell. Cells targeted for integration includemicrobial cells, which may be bacterial cells, yeast cells, plant cellsand animal cells. Features of the methods include the ability tointegrate a contiguous sequence of greater than 10 kb, greater than 15kb, greater than 20 kb, greater than 25 kb or more. In some embodimentsa contiguous sequence of about 10 to about 20 kb is integrated, whichmay be a sequence of about 12 to about 15 kb. The exogenous sequence isintegrated to a targeted site in the genome, allowing for selection of asuitable site, e.g. a site that does not undesirably interrupt sequencesof interest.

In the methods of the present invention, one site for the φC31integrase, which may be an attB or an attP site, is introduced into thetargeted site in the genome. Any convenient method may be used for thesite directed introduction of the attB or attP sequence. Sequences ofinterest include the long, native attB or attP recognition sequences,which are up to 300 bp in length. Alternatively an artificial form, e.g.as described in the examples, may be used.

A sequence encoding the φC31 integrase is introduced into the cell,either stably into the genome or as a plasmid. Desirably the integraseis under the control of an inducible promoter.

A circular DNA comprising (a) the desired exogenous sequence to beintegrated into the genome, and (b) the complementary site for φC31integrase (i.e. if attB is present in the genome, then attP is presentin the plasmid; if attP is present in the genome then attB is present inthe plasmid). Expression of φC31 integrase is induced, and the entiresequence of the plasmid is integrated at the targeted site.

The cell may further include a second recombinase, allowing selectiveremoval of unwanted sequences, such as the hybrid sequences responsiblefor the reverse recombinase reaction, along with the useless or harmfulplasmid backbone DNAs, from the genome. This approach allows removal ofone of the two recombination hybrids (either attL or attR), disablingthe reverse reaction and resulting in a stable genomic insertion. Thistype of site-specific integration broadens the ability to make stablegenetic modifications in prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes.

For example, to stabilize the integrant, a double recombination strategyis used. The φC31 integrase is used to mediate an integration event,followed by FLP- or TPin-mediated recombination to remove the attL. Thiseliminates the possibility of a reverse reaction between the attL andattR. Alternatively the TPin/9attB.9attP recombination system, using thebacteriophage TP901-1 integrase is used to remove the attL or attRsequence.

These and other objects, advantages, and features of the invention willbecome apparent to those persons skilled in the art upon reading thedetails of the invention as more fully described below.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The invention is best understood from the following detailed descriptionwhen read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. It isemphasized that, according to common practice, the various features ofthe drawings are not to-scale. On the contrary, the dimensions of thevarious features are arbitrarily expanded or reduced for clarity.Included in the drawings are the following figures.

FIGS. 1A-1G show schematics of various plasmids. FIG. 1A shows thep2øC31.hFIX plasmid, the minicircle producing plasmid as described indetails previously (Chen et al., Human Gene Therapy 16:126, 2005). BAD,the arabinose-inducible promoter of the araC-BAD regulation system;araC, the repressor gene; øC31, a recombinase gene derived from phageStreptomyces; attB, bacterial attachment site of recombinase øC31; attP,the phage attachment site; ISce Ig, the gene encoding the restrictionenzyme ISce 1; ISce Is, ISce I restriction site; sApoE, the artificialenhancer/promoter as described in details earlier (Miao et al. Mol Ther1:522, 2000); hFIX, the gene encoding human coagulation protein factorIX; AmpR, ampicillin resistance gene; UC, plasmid replication origin.FIG. 1B shows the minicircle MC.hFIX encoding the sApoE.hFIX cassetteproduced from plasmid p2øC31.hFIX via øC31-mediated recombination; MC,minicircle; attR, the right hybrid sequence. FIG. 1C shows the plasmidBB, the plasmid bacterial backbone circle derived from p2øC31.hFIX viaøC31-mediated recombination; attL, the left hybrid sequence. FIG. 1Dshows the p2øC31.ISce Ig&s plasmid, a plasmid generated by eliminatinghFIX cassette and the flanking attB and attP from P2øC31.hFIX of FIG.1A. FIG. 1E shows the pKanR.endA plasmid, the plasmid for inactivatingthe bacterial endA gene; KanR, kanamycin resistance gene; endA, the geneencoding the bacterial endonuclease 1. FIG. 1F shows the p3BAD.ISce1g.KanR.UMU plasmid, the plasmid for integrating 3BAD.ISce I cassette;UMU, bacterial UMU locus. FIG. 1G shows the p8ISce 1s plasmid, apBlueScript (Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif.) based plasmid carrying 8consecutive ISce I restriction sites.

FIGS. 2A-2B show that the BW27783 strain eliminated impurity butdegraded the DNA. FIG. 2A shows elimination of impurity DNAs. Minicirclewas produced using plasmid p2øC31.hFIX with either strain BW27783 or Top10 and the protocol described earlier (Chen et al., Human Gene Therapy16:126, 2005); the minicircle quality was determined by agarose gelassay after the DNA was digested with Bgl II plus EcoN1. The impurityDNAs comprising the parental plasmid (PP) and the plasmid BB (PB) wereevident in the minicircle produced from Top 10 strain, but invisiblefrom BW27783, even when the concentration of the inducer L-arabinose wasas low as 0.001% in the culture. Restrict., restriction; Bact.,bacterial strain; L-arab., L-arabinose. FIG. 2B shows DNA degradation.DNA degradation was evident in samples of plasmid and minicircle andbacterial genome prepared from BW27783, but absent in that from Top 10strain.

FIGS. 3A-3C show overcoming DNA degradation problems by deleting theendA gene. FIG. 3A shows the flow chart illustrating the endA-deletingprocedure. We prepared the DNA fragment including the two endA-targetingsequences from plasmid pKanR.endA (FIG. 1E) by Pme 1 digestion and usedit to inactivate the endA gene of BW27783 following the protocol ofDatsenko and Wanner BL (PNAS 97:6640, 2000). Briefly, we transformed acolony of BW27783 with plasmid pBAD.RED, and induced the expression ofthe phage lambda RecBCD recombination enzyme complex by culturing acolony of the resulted bacteria in LB containing 1% L-arabinose at 30°C. until OD600 reading was about 0.5; we transformed the resultedcompetent cells with the linear targeting DNA fragment, and selected thekanamycin-resistant colonies for further analysis. Plasmid pBAD.RED waseliminated from the resulted BWendA.KanR cells by incubating the cellsat 43° C. overnight. To eliminate the kanamycin-resistance gene from thegenome, the intermediate strain BWendA.KanR were transformed withplasmid p2øC31.ISce Ig&s (FIG. 1D); subsequently, a colony of thetransformed cells were incubated in LB broth with 1% L-arabinose toinduce the expression of both øC31 and ISce 1 enzymes, resulting in theloss of the kanamycin resistance gene through the øC31-mediatedrecombination between the attB and attP and the cure of the plasmidp2øC31.ISce Ig&s through ISce I-mediated restriction simultaneously. Theampicillin- and kanamycin-sensitive colonies were selected for furthercharacterization. FIG. 3B shows confirming DNA integration. Integrationof the kanamycin-resistant gene was confirmed by PCR assay using twopairs of primers, each comprising one at the kanamycin gene (primers 448or 449) and the other at the endA (primers 1269 or 1279). Expected PCRproducts, 0.5- and 1.0-kb in size, respectively, in 3 out of 4 coloniesexamined. BW, BW27783 genome; ZY650, plasmid pKanR.endA (FIG. 1E). FIG.3C shows confirming the loss of endonuclease 1 activity. MinicircleMC.hFIX was produced using the resulted strains BWΔendA and Top 10, cutwith Bgl II plus EncoN1, each cuts once through the minicircle or theplasmid BB, and analyzed via gel electrophoresis.

FIGS. 4A-4C show integration of BAD.ISce I gene. FIG. 4A shows a flowchart of DNA integration. The linear targeting DNA, which comprised 3tandem copies of the BDA.ISce I cassette and one kanamycin cassette andtwo flanking UMU targeting sequences, was prepared from plasmidp3BAD.ISce I.KanR.UMU (FIG. 1F) via Pst1 digestion; we integrated itinto UMU locus of strain BWΔendA following the same procedure (Datsenkoand Wanner B L, PNAS 97:6640, 2000) as described in the legend of FIGS.3A-3C; at the end, the new strain BWΔednA.3ISce I was obtained. FIG. 4Bshows PCR illustration of integrated ISce I gene. Likewise theintegration of the ISce I gene was confirmed by generating the expectedPCR product using ISce 1-gene-specific primers in strain BWΔendA.3ISce1, but not in the precursor BWΔendA. FIG. 4C shows an illustration ofISce I activity. The strain BWΔendA.3ISce I was transformed with plasmidp8ISce Is (FIG. 1G) carrying eight consecutive ISce I restriction sites.The transformed bacteria were resuspended from overnight culture infresh LB with or without 1% L-arabinose and incubated at 37° C. for 4hours; an aliquot without any treatment was used as control. Plasmid DNAwas isolated, linearized with Xba I, and analyzed in agarose gel. TheDNA bands from two cultures free of L-arabinose were evident and almostequal, but barely visible from the culture expressing ISce I enzyme,indicating that the integrated ISce I genes were working.

FIGS. 5A-5C show production of minicircle formulations using bacteriahaving inactive endA gene and integrated BAD.ISce 1 gene. FIG. 5A showsparental plasmid construct used to produce the minicircle vectors. Theplasmid includes one copy of the BDA.øC31 recombinase gene with multipleISce 1 restriction sites (N=8, 32 or 64). FIG. 5B shows an estimatedamount of contaminating nucleic acids in the three minicirclepreparations (MC=minicircle, PP=parental plasmid, PB=plasmid backbone,gDNA=genomic DNA) that were cultured in the presence (+) or absence of(−) of 1% L-arabinose for 4 hours. The minicircles were generated fromthe plasmid described in FIG. 5A and the DNA preps were digested withSpe 1 and Xba 1, which cut once through the minicircle or the plasmidbackbone (BB), respectively. FIG. 5C shows a determination of thequality of the minicircle preparation at varying temperatures. The DNAwas cut with Xba 1, which cut once through both the minicircle (MC) andplasmid BB (PB) simultaneously.

FIGS. 6A-6E show different embodiments of parental plasmids. FIG. 6Ashows a parental plasmid capable of expressing the recombinase and therestriction endonuclease. FIG. 6B shows a parental plasmid capable ofexpressing the recombinase. FIG. 6C shows a parental plasmid capable ofexpressing the restriction endonuclease. FIG. 6D shows a parentalplasmid with no coding sequence for the recombinase or endonuclease.FIG. 6E shows the final minicircle vector following recombination.

FIGS. 7A-7B show an embodiment of the invention. FIG. 7A shows theminicircle parental plasmid construct; FIG. 7B shows the correspondingbacterial strain with all the genetic alterations. pbla, promoter ofbeta-lactamase gene of E. coli derived from the plasmid pBlueScript ofStratagene (La Jolla, Calif.).

FIGS. 8A-8D. Genomic integration of the BAD.øC31 gene.

FIGS. 9A-9D show the integration of a 2^(nd) L-arabinose transportergene. Flowchart FIG. 9A shows knockout of the wild type LacY gene of thestrain CC2øC31 (D2). We used a linear DNA as the targeting sequence,which comprised the tetracycline resistance gene flanked with a 420-bpsequence of LacZ gene and 227-bp of LacA gene up- and down-stream of theLacY gene. We used a same RED-mediated integrating protocol to integratethe linear DNA (FIG. 3A). After selecting the colony with tetracyclinemarker, we confirmed the LacY gene knockout in the intermediate strainby DNA sequencing of the PCR product generated by the LacZ gene- andtetracycline resistance gene-specific primers (FIG. 9C). Scheme FIG. 9Bshows the integration of the mutant LacY A177C (muLacY) at the originalplace of LacY. Wild type LacY protein is a lactose transporter whilemuLacY gain additional function as L-arabinose transporter (Morgan-KissR M et al., PNAS 99:7373, 2002). The constitutive promoter derived fromthe beta-lactosidase gene (bla) is used to drive the expression of thismutant To make the integrating DNA, we used the DNA sequence comprisingthe kanamycin resistance gene flanked with attB and attP and thebla.muLacy cassette to replace the tetracycline gene in the above linearintegrating DNA (FIG. 9A). Likewise, we used a same RED-mediatedintegrating protocol to integrate the mutant LacY (FIG. 3A). We selectedthe colony with kanamycin resistance marker, followed by removing thekanamycin resistence gene via incubating the bacteria in LB containing1% Larabinose to induce the øC31-mediated recombination. We confirmedthe integrant by DNA sequence of the PCR product generated using thebla- and the LacA-specific primers (FIG. 9D). muLacY, LacY A177C; bla,promoter of the beta-lactosidase gene.

FIGS. 10A-10D show the integration of 4 tandem copies of the BAD.øC31cassette. FIG. 10A illustrates the preparation of the target site in thegenome of CCD2øC31.muLacy. We succeeded in integrating 2 copies of theBAD.øC31 cassette using the construct p2øC31.R6KFRT (FIG. 8B), butfailed to integrate additional copies of øC31 gene by repeating the sameprocedure. We hypothesized that 3 pre-existed FRT sites block thefunction of FLP recombinase; the original strain BW27783 carried 2 FRTsites, and the strain CC2øC31 obtained an additional site as a result ofintegrating 2BAD.øC31. To overcome this problem, we used recombinasephage TP901-1 (TPin), also under the control of araC.BAD system, toreplace the FLP. Like øC31, TPin mediates a unidirectional reaction. Todistinguish from that of øC31, we used the abbreviates 9attB and 9attPto stand for the bacterial and phage attachment sites of TPin,respectively. With a careful design, the sequential reactions of thesetwo enzymes will generated stable integrants by removing one of twohybrid sequences in each set, i.e., the attL/attR and 9attL/9attR. Totarget the dispensable araD gene in the genome of the strainCC2øC31.muLacY (FIG. 9B), we used a linear DNA comprising thetetracycline resistance gene, together with the attB and 9attP sites,flanked by a 5′-end 275-bp and a 3′-end 310-bp sequences of the araDgene. After selecting the tetracycline-resistance colony, we confirmedthe integrant by DNA sequencing of the PCR product generated using the5′ portion of araD- and polB gene-specific primers; polB gene isdownstream of araD in bacterial genome; therefore, we generated thedesired intermediate strain CC2øC31.muLacY.AaraD (FIG. 10A). Expectingmany more copies of øC31 gene are needed, we made another integratingplasmid pA101.4øC31 carrying 4 tandem copies of the BAD.øC31 cassette;we used an alternative temperature sensitive plasmid DNA replicationorigin A101 which is also curable upon incubating the bacteria at 43° C.(FIG. 10B). To make the strain carrying the additional 4BAD.øC31cassette, we transformed the strain CC2øC31.muLacY.AaraD with theplasmid, and induce the øC31 mediated integration by incubating selectedcolony in 5-ml LB containing 0.001% L-arabinose at 30° C. for 2 hours.To select the colony with the integrant, we selected the bacterialcolonies resistant to both tetracycline and kanamycin. To eliminate thetwo antibiotic resistant genes, we transformed the bacteria with plasmidpBAD.TPin, and incubated the resulted colony in LB containing 0.001%L-arabinose at 43° C. for 2 hours to induce the TPin-mediatedrecombination between 9attB and 9attP before spread onto antibiotic-freeplate. Subsequently, we incubated the plates at 43° C. overnight; inaddition to faster bacteria growth, this step cured the plasmidpBAD.TPin as well Previously, we found that the øC31 was able to mediatea reverse reaction between attL and attR, resulting in the loss of theintegrant, probably because the bacteria expressed a cofactor needed forthis reverse reaction (data not shown). To minimize this undesiredreverse reaction, we incubated the culture at 43° C., for at thistemperature, TPin recombinase maintains substantial activity but øC31has little or no activity (Staphenie M et al., J bacterial 184:3657,2002). To stabilize the integrant, we designed the targeted sequence andthe integrating plasmid in a way that after the sequential recombinationreactions mediated by øC31 and TPin, only the hybrids attR and 9attLwere left, making the reverse reaction between attL and attR or 9attLand 9attR impossible. To obtain the desired colony, we selected thecolonies from the antibiotic-free plate, and confirmed the loss of bothantibiotic resistant genes by transferring individual colonies onto theplates containing each antibiotic. We further confirmed the integrant byDNA sequencing of the PCR products, the PR1 and PR2, generated bygenome- and integrant-specific primers (FIGS. 10B and 10D). A101, atemperature sensitive plasmid replication origin; None, none specificproduct; Cont, PCR product from control template DNA.

FIGS. 11A-11B. Genotype of the strain D6 and the simplified parentalplasmid. FIG. 11A summarizes the genotype of the strain D6. In additionto the Cp8.araE, endA and araC3xBAD.ISce1 gene and 2 copies of theBAD.øC31, the strain D6 carries a second L-arabinose transporterbla.muLacY and 4 additional copies of BAD.øC31, with 6 copies BAD.øC31in total. FIG. 11B, the simplified parental plasmid encoding theRSV.hAAT.bpA cassette.

FIGS. 12A-12C. Comparison of the present and previous minicirclesystems. FIG. 12A An earlier version of the minicircle productionsystem. (i) Structure of the previous minicircle producer plasmid. BADand araC, the promoter and the repressor gene of the inducible

arabinose-araC.BAD system; φC31, bacteriophage φC31 integrase gene; attBand attP, the bacterial and phage attachment sites of the φC31integrase; I-SceI, I-SceI homing endonuclease gene; I-SceIs, the I-SceIrecognition site; AmpR, ampicillin resistance gene; CoIE1, DNAreplication origin. (ii) E. coli strain Top10, original strain used toproduce minicircle. (iii) Flow chart showing the minicircle productionprotocol. Each box represents a major step and the starred boxesrepresent the steps required in addition to a routine plasmid productionprotocol. FIG. 12B The present minicircle system. (i) Diagram of aminicircle producer plasmid and its conversion to minicircle DNA.pMC.ApoE.hFIX, minicircle producer plasmid; hFIX, human factor IX;sApoE, promoter/enhancer, as described previously₁; KanR, kanamycinresistance gene. Upon

arabinose induction,φC31 is expressed to mediate the formation ofminicircle and plasmid backbone circle and I-SceI to induce thedestruction of plasmid backbone circle. (ii) The genetic modificationsof the minicircle producing bacterial strain ZYCY10P3S2T. 10P3S2T standsfor (1) ten copies of BAD.φC31 cassette, that were integrated in threeloci of the bacterial genome: two tandem copies at the ΔendA locus, andfour copies at the araD and galK each; (2) three tandem copies ofBAD.I-SceI cassette, which were integrated at UMU locus and (3) twogenes constitutively expressing

arabinose transporter, one was araE gene driven by an artificialpromoter cp8, which presented in strain BW27783 (ref. 10); the other wasthe bla-lacY A177C cassette, which was integrated at the lacY locus;bla, beta-galactosidase gene promoter; lacY A177C, the missense mutantof lacY gene. (iii) Flow chart showing the present minicircle productionprotocol. FIG. 12C Stepwise genetic modification of the bacterial genometo make the current ZYCY10P3S2T strain.

FIGS. 13A-13E Improvement in minicircle quality and quantity. FIG. 13AStrain BW27783 produced minicircle (MC) with enhanced purity.Minicircles were produced according to the protocol describedpreviously₆. 2φ31.hFIX, minicircle producer plasmid (PP); BgIII+EcoN1,two restriction enzymes used to cleave MC before electrophoresis;

arab(%), percent of

arabinose in the minicircle induction reaction; PB₁ plasmid backbonecircle. FIG. 13B Strategy for inactivation of endA. pK_(a)nR.endA, theplasmid used to generate the Pme1-restricted targeting DNA fragment;KanR, kanamycin-resistance gene; attB and attP, the bacterial and phageattachment sites of bacteriophage φC31 integrase; boxed endA,PCR-generated 329- and 754-bp end A fragments; pBAD.Red, a plasmidexpressing the bacteriophage λ homology recombination complex (Red)under the control of araC.BAD (BAD); p2φC31, a complementing plasmidencoding two copies of BAD.φC31 gene, one copy of BAD.I-SceI gene andone I-SceI site; BWΔendA, a strain derived from BW27783 with the endAinterrupted. FIG. 13C Minicircle DNA integrity before and afterdisruption of the endA gene. Before disrupting endA, we observedrepeatedly large variations in the degree of plasmid degradation asshown in FIG. 13A and FIG. 13C. Because the endonuclease A is amembrane-bound enzyme, it was possible that its membrane release andactivation varied during plasmid preparation. 32° C. and 37° C., theincubation temperature. All reactions contained 1%

arabinose. FIG. 13D Quality of the minicircle determined by gelanalyses. Minicircle was made according to the simplified protocoloutlined in FIG. 1B; DNAs were cleaved before electrophoresis. FIG. 13EYield of minicircle producer plasmids and minicircle vector DNAs. Theyield was derived from triplicate 400-m1 overnight cultures; PP,minicircle producer plasmid; MC, minicircle. Wilcoxon rank sum testcomparing the yield of minicircle and its minicircle producer plasmid:(I), P<0.05; (II), P>0.05. We used the following formula to convert theyield from mg/l to mol/l: mol/l=[yield (mg/l)×10E−3 g/l]/[size(kb)×1,000×330×2 g/mol], where 330 is the average molecular weight ofdNTP. The minicircle producer plasmid, pMC.RSV.hAAT is schematicallyillustrated in FIG. 6D.

FIG. 14. A flowchart summarizing the stepwise genetic manipulation ofthe bacterial genome. The bacterial strains are boxed.

FIGS. 15A-15D. Integration of 2nd L-arabinose transporter mutant lacYA177C. FIG. 15A Flow chart illustrating procedure for preparing targetsite. placY.TetR, the plasmid used to prepare the Pme1-restrictedintegrating fragment; z, y and a, the structural genes of lactoseoperon; the boxed z and a, PCR-generated 425- and 227-bp of z- anda-specific sequences. FIG. 15B PCR illustration of integrant. 2.5-kb,integrant-specific PCR product; TetRg, genome of strain BWΔendA.TetR;BWg, genome of BW27783. FIG. 15C Mutant lacY A177C knock-in strategy.pbla.lacY A177C, the plasmid for producing the Pme1-restrictedintegrated DNA fragment; bla, the beta-galactosidase gene promoter. FIG.15D Selection of the strain 2T. Colonies that lost all three antibioticresistance phenotypes were selected using the 4 agar plates containingdifferent antibiotics. Ab-free, antibiotic-free; Tet, tetracycline (12μg/ml); Amp, ampicillin (25 μg/ml); Kan, kanamycin (25 μg/ml).

FIGS.16A-16C. Integration of BAD.I-SceI gene. FIG. 16A Flow chartshowing the BAD.I-SceI gene knock-in procedure. p3BAD.I-SceI, theplasmid encoding 3 tandem copies of the I-SceI gene under the control ofBAD (BAD.I-SceI); UMU, the UMU D gene; the boxed UMU, PCR-generated 737-and 647-bp UMU-specific product, respetcively; araC, the repressor geneof araC.BDA system; integrating DNA, the DNA fragment derived fromp3BAD.I-SceI via Pst 1 restriction; strain 2T, the E. coli expressing 2constitutive L-arabinose transporters cp8.araE and bla.lacY A177C (FIGS.4A-4C); strain 3S2T, generated by Red mediated integration of the aboveintegrating fragment to the UMU gene of strain 2T. FIG. 16BpBS.81-Scels, a pBlueScript base plasmid encoding 8 tandem copies of theI-SceI site. FIG. 16C Demonstration of function of the integrated I-SceIgene in strain 3S2T. An overnight culture of the 3S2Tstrain transformedwith pBS.8I-SceIs was re-suspended in LB with or without 1% L-arabinoseand incubated at 37° for 4 hours; Xba I, the restriction enzyme used tocut the plasmid before electrophoresis.

FIGS. 17A-17E. Integration of 2 copies of BAD.øC31 gene. FIG. 17APreparation of genomic target site. pFRT.KanR.attB, the plasmid servingas PCR template; FRT, the binding site of flipase (FLP); megaprimers,329- and 754-bp of endA sequences, generated by PCR, to serve as PCRprimers for generating the integrating DNA fragment; the PCR product wasintegrated into the modified endA site of strain 3S2T via Red-mediatedreaction; subsequently, the KanR was eliminated via FLP-mediatedreaction between the two flanking FRTs, resulting in the strain3S2T.attB; cl587, the bacteriophage Lambda temperature sensitivepromoter. FIG. 17B Integration of BAD.øC31. p2øC31.attP.FRT, aconditional replicating plasmid carrying R6K origin capable ofsupporting plasmid replication only in the cell expressing the pirprotein; Zeo, zeocin. FIG. 17C PCR illustration of the integrant. 7-kb,the size of the PCR product generated by a pair of endA-specificprimers. S, partial DNA sequencing of the DNA in the band. FIG. 17D Theminicircle producer plasmid pMC.RSV.HAAT. R, the Rous Sarcoma virus longterminal repeat (promoter); H, human alpha-1 antitrypsin cDNA; B, bovinegrowth hormone gene polyadenylation signal; 32I-SceIs, 32 consecutiveI-SceI cutting sites. FIG. 17E Illustration of genomic øC31 integrasefunction. The minicircle was made according to the protocol describedpreviously. Xba I+BamHI, 2 restriction enzymes used to cut the DNAbefore electrophoresis.

FIGS. 18A-18F. Integration of 4 copies of BAD.øC31. FIG. 18A Flow chartillustrating the integration procedure. p9attP.TetR.attB, the plasmidserved as template for PCR-generation of the integrating DNA fragment;9attB and 9attP, the bacterial and phage attachment sites of thebacteriophage TP901-1 integrase (TPin); the boxed araD, PCR-generated275- and 310-bp araD specific product, respectively; p4øC31.attP.9attBand pBAD.TPin, two complementing plasmids carrying thetemperature-sensitive A101 origin of replication; 9attR, therecombination product between 9attB and 9attP. FIG. 18B PCR illustrationof the altered araD locus. 2.5-kb, size of the PCR product generated bya TetR- and an araD-specific primers. FIG. 18C Selection of strain6P3S2T.KanR.TetR. Kan+Tet, the plate containing both Kan and Tet. FIG.18D Elimination of KanR and TetR., marked colonies that lost both KanRand TetR are circled. FIG. 18E PCR illustration of integrant. Integrant,PCR product generated by a pair of araD-specific primers. FIG. 18FOptimizing minicircle production procedure. Reaction, minicircleformation reaction each comprised a 50-ml overnight culture, 2-ml 1Nsodium hydroxide, indicated volume of fresh TB and L-arabinose to afinal concentration of 0.01%; old prot, previous protocol for minicircleproduction.

FIGS. 19A-19D. Integration of the 7′″ to 10′″ copies of BAD.sC31. FIG.19A The integration procedure was the same as that for integration ofthe 3rd to 6th copies of the BAD.oC31 cassette (FIG. 7A); galK,galactokinase gene. FIG. 19B PCR reaction to confirm the preparedtarget. 2.5-kb, the expected size of the PCR product generated by aTetR- and a galK-specific primers. FIG. 19C Screening of strain ZYCY 1OP3S2T; the the AmpR-IKanR-ITetR-colonies are circled. FIG. 19D PCRillustration of the integrant elements; galKup, the up-streamgalK-specific primer; galKdn, the downstream galK-specific primer.

DEFINITIONS

By “nucleic acid construct” it is meant a nucleic acid sequence that hasbeen constructed to comprise one or more functional units not foundtogether in nature. Examples include circular, linear, double-stranded,extrachromosomal DNA molecules (plasmids), cosmids (plasmids containingCOS sequences from lambda phage), viral genomes comprising non-nativenucleic acid sequences, and the like.

A “vector” is capable of transferring nucleic acid sequences to targetcells. For example, a vector may comprise a coding sequence capable ofbeing expressed in a target cell. For the purposes of the presentinvention, “vector construct,” “expression vector,” and “gene transfervector,” generally refer to any nucleic acid construct capable ofdirecting the expression of a gene of interest and which is useful intransferring the gene of interest into target cells. Thus, the termincludes cloning and expression vehicles, as well as integratingvectors.

An “expression cassette” comprises any nucleic acid construct capable ofdirecting the expression of any RNA transcript including gene/codingsequence of interest as well as non-translated RNAs, such as shRNAs,microRNAs, siRNAs, anti-sense RNAs, and the like. Such cassettes can beconstructed into a “vector,” “vector construct,” “expression vector,” or“gene transfer vector,” in order to transfer the expression cassetteinto target cells. Thus, the term includes cloning and expressionvehicles, as well as viral vectors.

A “minicircle” vector, as used herein, refers to a small, doublestranded circular DNA molecule that provides for persistent, high levelexpression of a sequence of interest that is present on the vector,which sequence of interest may encode a polypeptide, an shRNA, ananti-sense RNA, an siRNA, and the like in a manner that is at leastsubstantially expression cassette sequence and direction independent.The sequence of interest is operably linked to regulatory sequencespresent on the mini-circle vector, which regulatory sequences controlits expression. Such mini-circle vectors are described, for example inpublished U.S. Patent Application US20040214329, herein specificallyincorporated by reference.

The overall length of the subject minicircle vectors is sufficient toinclude the desired elements as described below, but not so long as toprevent or substantially inhibit to an unacceptable level the ability ofthe vector to enter the target cell upon contact with the cell, e.g.,via system administration to the host comprising the cell. As such, theminicircle vector is generally at least about 0.3 kb long, often atleast about 1.0 kb long, where the vector may be as long as 10 kb orlonger, but in certain embodiments do not exceed this length.

Minicircle vectors differ from bacterial plasmid vectors in that theylack an origin of replication, and lack drug selection markers commonlyfound in bacterial plasmids, e.g. β-lactamase, tet, and the like. Alsoabsent are expression silencing sequences found, for example, in plasmidbackbones, e.g. the parental plasmid backbone nucleic acid sequencesfrom which the minicircle vectors are excised. The minicircle may besubstantially free of vector sequences other than the recombinase hybridproduct sequence, and the sequence of interest, i.e. a transcribedsequence and regulatory sequences required for expression.

By “polynucleotide of interest” or “sequence of interest” it is meantany nucleic acid fragment adapted for introduction into a target cell.Suitable examples of polynucleotides of interest include promoterelements, coding sequences, e.g. therapeutic genes, marker genes, etc.,control regions, trait-producing fragments, nucleic acid elements toaccomplish gene disruption, as well as nucleic acids that do not encodefor a polypeptide, including a polynucleotide that encodes anon-translated RNA, such as a shRNA that may play a role in RNAinterference (RNAi) based gene expression control.

The minicircle vectors comprise a product hybrid sequence of aunidirectional site-specific recombinase, which product hybrid sequenceis the result of a unidirectional site specific recombinase mediatedrecombination of two recombinase substrate sequences as they are knownin the art, e.g., attB and attP substrate sequences, and may be eitherthe attR or attL product hybrid sequence. Typically, the product hybridsequence ranges in length from about 10 to about 500 bp. In certainembodiments, the product sequence is a product hybrid sequence of aunidirectional site specific recombinase that is an integrase, whereintegrases of interest include, but are not limited to: wild-type phageintegrases or mutants thereof, where specific representative integrasesof interest include, but are not limited to: the integrases of ΦC31, R4,TP901-1, ΦBT1, Bxb1, RV-1, AA118, U153, ΦFC1, and the like.

In the present invention, when a recombinase is “derived from a phage”the recombinase need not be explicitly produced by the phage itself, thephage is simply considered to be the original source of the recombinaseand coding sequences thereof. Recombinases can, for example, be producedrecombinantly or synthetically, by methods known in the art, oralternatively, recombinases may be purified from phage infectedbacterial cultures.

“Substantially purified” generally refers to isolation of a substance(compound, polynucleotide, protein, polypeptide, polypeptidecomposition) such that the substance comprises the majority percent ofthe sample in which it resides. Typically in a sample a substantiallypurified component comprises at least about 50%, such as about 80%-85%;about 90-95%, as well as up to about 99% or more of the desiredcomponent. Techniques for purifying polynucleotides and polypeptides ofinterest are well-known in the art and include, for example,ion-exchange chromatography, affinity chromatography and sedimentationaccording to density.

The term “exogenous” is defined herein as DNA, such as the DNAconstructs defined herein, which is artificially introduced into a cell,e.g. by the methods of the present invention. Exogenous DNA can possesssequences identical to or different from the endogenous DNA present inthe cell prior to introduction by transfection, transformation, etc.

Methods of transfecting cells are well known in the art. By“transfected” it is meant an alteration in a cell resulting from theuptake of foreign nucleic acid, usually DNA. Use of the term“transfection” is not intended to limit introduction of the foreignnucleic acid to any particular method. Suitable methods include viralinfection/transduction, conjugation, nanoparticle delivery,electroporation, particle gun technology, calcium phosphateprecipitation, direct microinjection, and the like. The choice of methodis generally dependent on the type of cell being transfected and thecircumstances under which the transfection is taking place (i.e. invitro, ex vivo, or in vivo). A general discussion of these methods canbe found in Ausubel, et al, Short Protocols in Molecular Biology, 3rded., Wiley & Sons, 1995.

The terms “nucleic acid molecule” and “polynucleotide” are usedinterchangeably and refer to a polymeric form of nucleotides of anylength, either deoxyribonucleotides or ribonucleotides, or analogsthereof. Polynucleotides may have any three-dimensional structure, andmay perform any function, known or unknown. Non-limiting examples ofpolynucleotides include a gene, a gene fragment, exons, introns,messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA, ribosomal RNA, ribozymes, cDNA,shRNA, single-stranded short or long RNAs, recombinant polynucleotides,branched polynucleotides, plasmids, vectors, isolated DNA of anysequence, control regions, isolated RNA of any sequence, nucleic acidprobes, and primers. The nucleic acid molecule may be linear orcircular.

A “coding sequence” or a sequence that “encodes” a selected polypeptide,is a nucleic acid molecule which is transcribed (in the case of DNA) andtranslated (in the case of mRNA) into a polypeptide, for example, whenthe nucleic acid is present in a living cell (in vivo) and placed underthe control of appropriate regulatory sequences (or “control elements”).The boundaries of the coding sequence are typically determined by astart codon at the 5′ (amino) terminus and a translation stop codon atthe 3′ (carboxy) terminus. A coding sequence can include, but is notlimited to, cDNA from viral, prokaryotic or eukaryotic mRNA, genomic DNAsequences from viral, eukaryotic, or prokaryotic DNA, and synthetic DNAsequences. A transcription termination sequence may be located 3′ to thecoding sequence, and a promoter may be located 5′ to the codingsequence; along with additional control sequences if desired, such asenhancers, introns, poly adenylation site, etc. A DNA sequence encodinga polypeptide may be optimized for expression in a selected cell byusing the codons preferred by the selected cell to represent the DNAcopy of the desired polypeptide coding sequence.

The term “encoded by” refers to a nucleic acid sequence which codes fora polypeptide sequence. In addition, “encoded by” also refers to anucleic acid sequence which codes for a non-translated RNA, such as ashRNA or antisense RNA, or other small RNA.

“Operably linked” refers to an arrangement of elements wherein thecomponents so described are configured so as to perform their usualfunction. Thus, a given promoter that is operably linked to a codingsequence (e.g., a reporter expression cassette) is capable of effectingthe expression of the coding sequence when the proper enzymes arepresent. The promoter or other control elements need not be contiguouswith the coding sequence, so long as they function to direct theexpression thereof. For example, intervening untranslated yettranscribed sequences can be present between the promoter sequence andthe coding sequence and the promoter sequence can still be considered“operably linked” to the coding sequence.

“Target cell” as used herein refers to a cell that in which a geneticmodification is desired. Target cells can be isolated (e.g., in culture)or in a multicellular organism (e.g., in a blastocyst, in a fetus, in apostnatal animal, and the like). Target cells of particular interest inthe present application include, but not limited to, cultured mammaliancells, including CHO cells, primary cell cultures such as fibroblasts,endothelial cells, etc., and stem cells, e.g. embryonic stem cells(e.g., cells having an embryonic stem cell phenotype), adult stem cells,pluripotent stem cells, hematopoietic stem cells, mesenchymal stemcells, and the like.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Before the present invention is described, it is to be understood thatthis invention is not limited to particular embodiments described, assuch may, of course, vary. It is also to be understood that theterminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particularembodiments only, and is not intended to be limiting, since the scope ofthe present invention will be limited only by the appended claims.

Where a range of values is provided, it is understood that eachintervening value, to the tenth of the unit of the lower limit unlessthe context clearly dictates otherwise, between the upper and lowerlimits of that range is also specifically disclosed. Each smaller rangebetween any stated value or intervening value in a stated range and anyother stated or intervening value in that stated range is encompassedwithin the invention. The upper and lower limits of these smaller rangesmay independently be included or excluded in the range, and each rangewhere either, neither or both limits are included in the smaller rangesis also encompassed within the invention, subject to any specificallyexcluded limit in the stated range. Where the stated range includes oneor both of the limits, ranges excluding either or both of those includedlimits are also included in the invention.

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used hereinhave the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill inthe art to which this invention belongs. Although any methods andmaterials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used inthe practice or testing of the present invention, some potential andpreferred methods and materials are now described. All publicationsmentioned herein are incorporated herein by reference to disclose anddescribe the methods and/or materials in connection with which thepublications are cited. It is understood that the present disclosuresupersedes any disclosure of an incorporated publication to the extentthere is a contradiction.

It must be noted that as used herein and in the appended claims, thesingular forms “a”, “an”, and “the” include plural referents unless thecontext clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “acell” includes a plurality of such cells and reference to “the compound”includes reference to one or more compounds and equivalents thereofknown to those skilled in the art, and so forth.

The publications discussed herein are provided solely for theirdisclosure prior to the filing date of the present application. Nothingherein is to be construed as an admission that the present invention isnot entitled to antedate such publication by virtue of prior invention.Further, the dates of publication provided may be different from theactual publication dates which may need to be independently confirmed.

It is further noted that the claims may be drafted to exclude anyoptional element. As such, this statement is intended to serve asantecedent basis for use of such exclusive terminology as “solely”,“only” and the like in connection with the recitation of claim elements,or the use of a “negative” limitation.

Minicircle DNA Formulations

The present invention provides minicircle nucleic acid vectorformulations that are substantially free of contaminating nucleic acids,i.e. non-minicircle nucleic acids, which minicircle nucleic acid vectorsprovide for persistently high levels of protein expression whenintroduced into a mammalian target cell. Methods are also provided forproducing the minicircle nucleic acid vector formulations. Undesirablecontaminating nucleic acids sequences include coding sequences forrecombinases, such as PhiC31, and/or contaminating nucleic acidssequences coding for restriction endonucleases, such as ISce 1. Suchcontaminating sequences are undesirable due to a small possibility oftransfer into recipient cells.

These undesirable sequences may be present in the unrecombined parentalplasmid and the plasmid backbone circle (plasmid BB), and thus it isdesirable to ensure completion of the recombination and restrictiondigestion. In some embodiments, contamination is reduced by integratingthe coding sequences for recombinase and restriction endonuclease intothe bacterial chromosome, rather than providing the coding sequences inthe parental plasmid.

Minicircle vectors are produced by transfecting a bacterial cell thathas been genetically modified to constitutively express araE and to lackfunctional endonuclease I, with a parental plasmid comprising a sequenceof interest flanked by recombination sites for a unidirectionalsite-specific recombinase, and at least one restriction endonucleasesite recognized by a restriction endonuclease not endogenous to thebacterial cell. Present on either the parental plasmid or the bacterialcell chromosome are sequences encoding the unidirectional site-specificrecombinase, and the non-endogenous restriction endonuclease thatcleaves the parental plasmid. The recombinase and/or the restrictionendonuclease coding sequences may be operably linked to an induciblepromoter responsive to arabinose. The transfected bacterial cells aregrown to the desired concentration, and incubated for a period of timesufficient to activate expression of the unidirectional site-specificrecombinase and recombine the attB and attP recombination sites; and toactivate expression of the restriction endonuclease and digest theplasmid backbone at the restriction endonuclease site. The incubationstep results in the generation of minicircle vectors comprising thepolynucleotide of interest and a product hybrid sequence of theunidirectional site-specific recombinase; which lack parental plasmidbackbone sequences. The minicircle vectors are then purified to providea minicircle nucleic acid vector formulation substantially free ofcontaminating nucleic acids.

In general, the minicircle vector formulations generated by the methodsdescribed herein comprise nucleic acids that are at least about 80%minicircle vectors, at least about 90% minicircle vectors, at leastabout 95% minicircle vectors, at least about 96% minicircle vectors, atleast about 97% minicircle vectors, at least about 98% minicirclevectors, at least about 99% minicircle vectors, at least about 99.5percent minicircle vectors, and at least about 99.9% minicircle vectors.It will be understood by one of skill in the art that the formulationmay comprise buffers, excipients and other non-nucleic acid components.

In certain embodiments the purity of the minicircle vector preparationcan be quantified by, for example, screening for protein activity thatwould be present if contaminating nucleic acid coding sequence werepresent in the preparation. Exemplary such proteins includeunidirectional site-specific recombinases and restriction endonucleasesnot endogenous to the bacterial cells. Therefore, the purity of theminicircle vector preparation can be quantified by screening for thelevel of activity of the recombinase and/or a restriction endonucleaseas compared to a control with a known quantity of such contaminatingnucleic acid as well as a negative control lacking in such contaminatingnucleic acid. In such embodiments, the minicircle vector preparationwill generate at least 1.5 fold less activity than a controlpreparation, e.g. a control minicircle preparation produced withconventional bacterial cells, or by the methods known in the art,including about 2 fold, 3 fold, 4 fold, 5 fold, 10 fold, 20 fold, 30fold or less activity than the control. Alternatively, the presence ofcontaminating recombinase and endonuclease DNA sequences can bedetected, e.g. by PCR, etc.

A feature of the subject invention is that the methods and cell linesdescribed herein produce a minicircle vector formulation that issubstantially free of contaminating nucleic acid, which contaminatingnucleic acid sequences include, without limitation: prokaryotic plasmidbackbone sequences; nucleic acid sequences coding for a unidirectionalsite-specific recombinase, such as PhiC31; and nucleic acid sequencescoding for a restriction endonuclease, such as ISce 1. The mostprominent feature of the present invention is that the minicirclevectors produced are completely free of circular nucleic acid sequencescoding for a unidirectional site-specific recombinase, such as PhiC31;and nucleic acid sequences coding for a restriction endonuclease, suchas ISce 1. As they are physically similar to the minicircle vectors,these circular contaminations are more difficult to remove than linearcontamination. The site-specific recombinase and restriction enzyme arepotentially damaging to target cell genomic DNA. Contaminating nucleicacids include linear nucleic acid fragments and circular nucleic acids.

In general, the minicircle nucleic acid vector formulations of theinvention are produced with genetically modified bacteria that providefor efficient expression of one or both of (i) a unidirectionalsite-specific recombinase and (ii) a restriction endonuclease notendogenous to the bacterial cell. These DNA-modifying components may beencoded by an expression vector and/or genomically integrated expressioncassettes, and are expressed in substantially all the bacterial cellsduring generation of the minicircle vectors from the minicircle parentalplasmids, thus ensuring that generation of minicircle vectors anddestruction of the parental plasmid backbone proceeds to completion.

As described in greater detail below, in some embodiments thegenetically modified bacteria comprise one or more genomicallyintegrated coding sequence(s) for the L-arabinose transporter araE geneunder the control of a constitutive promoter, and lack functionalendonuclease I expression. In such embodiments, the constitutiveexpression of the L-arabinose transporter expressed by the cellsprovides for efficient transport of L-arabinose (when added to the cellculture media) into all the bacteria. As a result of the efficientsubstrate transport, coding sequences under the control of an induciblepromoter responsive to L-arabinose, such as the araC-BAD promoter,efficiently produce the encoded proteins at a consistent, uniform andhigh level in substantially all the cells in a culture.

The use of such genetically modified bacteria provides multipleadvantages in the methods of the invention. (1) It ensures thatsubstantially all the bacteria carrying an extrachromosomal vectorand/or genomically integrated expression cassette encoding aunidirectional site-specific recombinase and restriction endonucleaseunder the control of an inducible promoter, such as araC-BAD, areadequately expressed from limited copies of the genes. (2) It ensuresthat the recombinase-mediated recombination between the attB and attPand the subsequent formation of minicircle vectors progresses tocompletion in all cells. As a result, at completion of the process thepreparation of minicircle vectors will be substantially free ofunrecombined parental plasmids that would otherwise remain due toinsufficient expression of the recombinase in at least a subpopulationof the bacteria in the culture. (3) It ensures that in the plasmidbackbone DNA destruction phase both the plasmid backbone bacterial DNAcircle and the residual unrecombined parental plasmid are cutefficiently in all the bacteria in the culture, which ensures thepreparation of minicircle vectors will be in a substantially pure form.(4) Lastly, it allows a lower concentration level of L-arabinose foractivating the expression of the recombinase and/or restrictionendonuclease gene under the control of an arabinose inducible promoter,thereby providing an additional advantage of a decrease in reagent cost,facilitating a scale up of the methods to provide for production oflarge quantities of the minicircle vector preparations.

In some embodiments, the genetically modified bacteria comprise: agenomically integrated coding sequence for the restriction endonucleasenot endogenous to the bacteria; a genomically integrated coding sequencefor the L-arabinose transporter araE gene under the control of aconstitutive promoter; and lacking functional endonuclease I expression.In other embodiments, the genetically modified bacteria comprise: agenomically integrated coding sequence for the restriction endonucleasenot endogenous to the bacteria and the unidirectional site-specificrecombinase; a genomically integrated coding sequence for theL-arabinose transporter araE gene under the control of a constitutivepromoter; and lacking functional endonuclease I expression. In suchembodiments, by including the coding sequences for the restrictionendonuclease and/or the unidirectional site-specific recombinase(collectively referred to as “the enzymes”), the coding sequences forthe enzymes is not introduced into the bacteria on a separate circularextrachromosomal expression vector. As a result of genomic integrationof the enzyme coding sequences, opportunity for the nucleic acidsequence coding for the restriction endonuclease and/or theunidirectional site-specific recombinase to be present in the minicirclevector preparation as circular contaminating nucleic acids is completelyprevented.

It is important to note that when the nucleic acid sequences encodingfor the enzymes are genomically integrated, they may still be presentduring the purification process as a result of shearing of genomic DNAduring purification of the minicircle vectors. However, nucleic acidsequences in linear bacterial chromosomal DNA fragments can readily beseparated from the minicircle vectors by conventional purificationmeans, as opposed to circular nucleic acids that are more difficult toseparate from the minicircle vectors.

By integrating the nucleic acid sequences encoding the unidirectionalsite-specific recombinase, such as øC31, and/or a restrictionendonuclease, such as ISce 1, in addition to the constitutive expressionof the L-arabinose transporter, the genetically modified bacteriaprovide the added advantage of not only ensuring that the process offormation of the minicircle vectors from the parental plasmids proceedsin an efficient manner consistently throughout substantially all thebacteria in the culture, but also the advantage of ensuring that thecoding sequences for the enzymes do not contaminate the final minicirclevector preparation. Multiple copies of the nucleic acid sequencesencoding the unidirectional site-specific recombinase may be integratedinto the genome.

Uses of Genetically Modified Bacterial Cells

In some embodiments, the minicircle vectors are produced in geneticallymodified bacteria that comprise one or more genomically integratedcoding sequence(s) for the L-arabinose transporter araE gene under thecontrol of a constitutive promoter, and which lack functionalendonuclease I expression. As noted above, in such embodiments, theconstitutive expression of the L-arabinose transporter provides forefficient transport of L-arabinose from the medium to all the cells.Optionally, a second L-arabinose transporter is also constitutivelyexpressed in the bacterial cell. An example of the 2^(nd) L-arabinosetransporter is the mutant LacY protein; a mutation renders the resultedLacY A177C the L-arabinose-transporting function its wild-typecounterpart does not possess (Morgan-Kiss RM et al., PNAS 99:7373,2002). As a result, the genes under the control of an inducible promoterresponsive to L-arabinose, such as the BAD promoter, will efficientlyproduce the encoded proteins at a consistent, uniform and high level insubstantially all the cells in the cell culture.

The parent plasmid comprises at least a polynucleotide of interestflanked by attB and attP sites (which are recognized by a unidirectionalsite-specific recombinase), at least one restriction endonuclease siterecognized by a restriction endonuclease not endogenous to the bacterialcell used to generate the minicircle vector, such as the rare-cuttingrestriction endonuclease IScel; and sequences required for propagationand maintenance of the parent plasmid in a bacterial host, such as anorigin of replication and optionally a nucleic acid sequence encoding aselectable marker (FIG. 6). In addition, the parent plasmid may comprisea nucleic acid sequence encoding araC, the repressor protein that blocksthe BAD promoter from expressing nucleic acid sequences under itscontrol in an uninduced condition. A coding sequence for theunidirectional site-specific recombinase, and a coding sequence for therestriction endonuclease is provided in the parent plasmid or in thebacterial cells.

It will be appreciated by one having skill in the art that a variety ofrestriction endonuclease can be used in the methods and compositionsdescribed here with the requirement that the restriction endonuclease isnot endogenous to the bacterial cell. In some embodiments, therestriction endonuclease is a rare-cutting restriction endonuclease,including, but not limited to NotI, SfiI, NruI, MluI, SaclI , SdaI,BssHII, I-TliI, I-CeuI, I-PpoI, I-SceI, I-PspI, and P1-Sce 1. In certainembodiments, the restriction endonuclease is I-SceI.

In order to produce the minicircle vectors, the parent plasmid is usedto transfect the genetically modified bacterial cells; and the cells aregrown to a desired density. Conditions are then provided that induce orotherwise allow expression of the recombinase. Upon contact of theparent plasmid with the recombinase, the attB and attP sites arerecombined. The two products of the recombination are the minicirclevector, comprising the sequence of interest, and a hybrid recombinationsite; and a plasmid backbone circle comprising the prokaryotic backbonesequence of the parental plasmid, the at least one restrictionendonuclease site, and a hybrid recombination site, such as an attL siteor an attR site (FIG. 6E). For example, in embodiments in which theminicircle nucleic acid vector comprises the attR site, the plasmidbackbone circle will comprise the attL site. In embodiments in which theminicircle nucleic acid vector comprises the attL site, the plasmidbackbone circle will comprise the attR site. Where the coding sequencesfor the recombinase and the restriction endonuclease are provided on theparental plasmid, these will be contained within the plasmid backbonecircle.

Following the recombination of the attB and attP sites by theunidirectional site-specific recombinase, the bacterial cultureconditions are altered for optimizing the restriction enzyme activity.The plasmid backbone bacterial DNA sequence circle and the residualparental plasmid will be digested by the restriction endonuclease at therestriction site(s) and subsequently degraded by bacterial endogenousexonucleases. As the only episomal circular DNA, the minicircle nucleicacid vector can then be isolated like standard plasmid from bacteriausing conventional commercially available methods, such as by anaffinity column. As a result, the minicircle vector will be free ofplasmid backbone circles as well as unrecombined parental plasmid thatwould interfere with the use of the minicircle vectors in therapeutic,diagnostic, prophylactic or research applications.

In further embodiments, the bacterial cells used to generate theminicircle vectors will also include a genomically integrated sequenceencoding a restriction endonuclease not endogenous to the bacterialcell, such as the rare-cutting restriction endonuclease ISceI, inaddition to the coding sequence for the L-arabinose transporter araEgene under the control of a constitutive promoter and lacking infunctional endonuclease I expression. In such embodiments, the parentplasmid is as described above, but does not include coding sequences forthe restriction endonuclease not endogenous to the bacterial cell. Themethods of production are as described above, where, followingrecombination; the coding sequences for the restriction endonuclease arepresent on the bacterial chromosome, not the plasmid backbone circle.

The benefit of this system is that the sequence encoding the restrictionendonuclease not endogenous to the bacterial cell is not on a circularextrachromosomal vector present in the bacterial cell that couldcontaminate the minicircle nucleic acid vector preparation. In contrast,by providing the sequences encoding the restriction endonuclease asgenomically integrated elements, the coding sequences will remain withthe bacteria or in a linear fragment when the minicircle nucleic acidvector preparations are collected. If the sequence is present in thepreparation as a linear DNA fragment, it is physically distinguishablefrom the minicircle. Consequently, the linear DNA fragment can be easilyeliminated by conventional purification methods, even when contaminationoccurs. For example, lambda exonuclease can selectively digest linearDNA fragments without damaging minicircles.

In still further embodiments, the bacterial cells used to generate theminicircle vectors will include genomically integrated sequencesencoding a unidirectional site-specific recombinase, such as øC31integrase, and a restriction endonuclease not endogenous to thebacterial cell, such as the rare-cutting restriction endonuclease ISceI,in addition to the coding sequence for the L-arabinose transporter araEgene under the control of a constitutive promoter and lacking infunctional endonuclease I expression. The methods of production are asdescribed above, where, following recombination; the coding sequencesfor the restriction endonuclease and the recombinase are present on thebacterial chromosome, not the plasmid backbone circle.

The benefit of this system is that the sequences encoding theunidirectional site-specific recombinase and the restrictionendonuclease not endogenous to the bacterial cell are not on anextrachromosomal vector present in the bacterial cell that couldcontaminate the minicircle nucleic acid vector preparation.

Regulatable Promoters

In certain embodiments, the nucleic acid sequences encoding theunidirectional site-specific recombinase and the restrictionendonuclease are under the control of inducible promoters that providefor expression of the coding sequence only when the promoter is induced,such as the L-arabinose responsive inducible prompter araC-BAD. In suchembodiments, the bacterial cells do not constitutively express theunidirectional site-specific recombinase and the restrictionendonuclease. Instead, the unidirectional site-specific recombinase andthe restriction endonuclease are expressed only when the induciblepromoters are activated. Multiple copies of the unidirectionalsite-specific recombinase may be integrated into the genome.

In certain embodiments, the nucleic acid sequences encoding theunidirectional site-specific recombinase and the restrictionendonuclease are under the control of two different inducible promoters.In such embodiments, the unidirectional site-specific recombinase isunder the control of a first inducible promoter and the restrictionendonuclease is under the control of a second inducible promoter. Thetwo different inducible promoters allow for sequential expression of theunidirectional site-specific recombinase and the restrictionendonuclease. For example, the unidirectional site-specific recombinasecan be expressed first to provide for recombination of the attB and attPsites on the parental plasmid and produce minicircle nucleic acidvector, and then the restriction endonuclease can be expressed to allowfor digestion of the plasmid backbone circle.

Regulatable promoters (i.e., derepressible or inducible) express genesof interest only under certain conditions that can be controlled.Derepressible elements are DNA sequence elements which act inconjunction with promoters and bind repressors (e.g. lacO/laclqrepressor system in E. coli). Inducible elements are DNA sequenceelements which act in conjunction with promoters and bind inducers (e.g.gal1/gal4 inducer system in yeast). In either case, transcription isvirtually “shut off” until the promoter is derepressed or induced byalteration of a condition in the environment (e.g., addition of IPTG tothe lacO/laclq system or addition of galactose to the gal1/gal4 system),at which point transcription is “turned-on.”

Another type of regulated promoter is a “repressible” one in which agene is expressed initially and can then be turned off by altering anenvironmental condition. In repressible systems transcription isconstitutively on until the repressor binds a small regulatory moleculeat which point transcription is “turned off”. An example of this type ofpromoter is the tetracycline/tetracycline repressor system. In thissystem when tetracycline binds to the tetracycline repressor, therepressor binds to a DNA element in the promoter and turns off geneexpression.

Examples of inducible prokaryotic promoters include the major right andleft promoters of bacteriophage (P_(L) and P_(R)), the trp, recA, lacZ,AraC and gal promoters of E. coli, the α-amylase (Ulmanen Ett at., J.Bacteriol. 162:176-182, 1985) and the sigma-28-specific promoters of B.subtilis (Gilman et al., Gene sequence 32:11-20(1984)), the promoters ofthe bacteriophages of Bacillus (Gryczan, In: The Molecular Biology ofthe Bacilli, Academic Press, Inc., NY (1982)), Streptomyces promoters(Ward et at., Mol. Gen. Genet. 203:468-478, 1986), and the like.Exemplary prokaryotic promoters are reviewed by Glick (J. Ind.Microtiot. 1:277-282, 1987); Cenatiempo (Biochimie 68:505-516, 1986);and Gottesman (Ann. Rev. Genet. 18:415-442, 1984).

Unidirectional Site-Specific Recombinases

Two major families of unidirectional site-specific recombinases frombacteriophages and unicellular yeasts have been described: the integraseor tyrosine recombinase family includes Cre, Flp, R, and lambdaintegrase (Argos, et al., EMBO J. 5:433-440, (1986)) and theresolvase/invertase or serine recombinase family that includes somephage integrases, such as, those of phages øC31, R4, and TP901-1 (Halletand Sherratt, FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 21:157-178 (1997)).

In certain embodiments, the unidirectional site-specific recombinase isa serine integrase. Serine integrases that may be useful for in vitroand in vivo recombination include, but are not limited to, integrasesfrom phages øC31, R4, TP901-1, phiBT1, Bxb1, RV-1, A118, U153, andphiFC1, as well as others in the large serine integrase family (Gregory,Till and Smith, J. Bacteriol., 185:5320-5323 (2003); Groth and Calos, J.Mol. Biol. 335:667-678 (2004); Groth et al. PNAS 97:5995-6000 (2000);Olivares, Hollis and Calos, Gene 278:167-176 (2001); Smith and Thorpe,Molec. Microbiol., 4:122-129 (2002); Stoll, Ginsberg and Calos, J.Bacteriol., 184:3657-3663 (2002)).

In general, site specific recombination sites recognized by asite-specific recombinase in a bacterial genome are designated bacterialattachment sites (“attB”) and the corresponding site specificrecombination sites present in the bacteriophage are designated phageattachment sites (“attP”). These sites have a minimal length ofapproximately 34-40 base pairs (bp) Groth, A. C., et al., Proc. Natl.Acad. Sci. USA 97, 5995-6000 (2000)). These sites are typically arrangedas follows: AttB comprises a first DNA sequence attB5′, a core region,and a second DNA sequence attB3′ in the relative order attB5′-coreregion-attB3′; attP comprises a first DNA sequence (attP5′), a coreregion, and a second DNA sequence (attP3′) in the relative orderattP5′-core region-attP3′.

For example, for the phage øC31 attP (the phage attachment site), thecore region is 5′-TTG-3′ the flanking sequences on either side arerepresented here as attP5′ and attP3′, the structure of the attPrecombination site is, accordingly, attP5′-TTG-attP3′. Correspondingly,for the native bacterial genomic target site (attB) the core region is5′-TTG-3′, and the flanking sequences on either side are representedhere as attB5′ and attB3′, the structure of the attB recombination siteis, accordingly, attB5′-TTG-attB3′.

Because the attB and attP sites are different sequences, recombinationresults in two hybrid site-specific recombination sites (designated attLor attR for left and right) that is neither an attB sequence or an attPsequence, and is functionally unrecognizable as a site-specificrecombination site (e.g., attB or attP) to the relevant unidirectionalsite-specific recombinase, thus removing the possibility that theunidirectional site-specific recombinase will catalyze a secondrecombination reaction between the attL and the attR that would reversethe first recombination reaction. For example, after-, øC31integrase—mediated a single site-specific recombination event takesplace, the result is the following recombination product:attB5′-TTG-attP3′{φC31 vector sequences}attP5′-TTG-attB3′. Typically,after recombination the post-recombination recombination sites are nolonger able to act as substrate for the øC31 recombinase since thebacterial strains used expressing neither the excisionase nor theco-factor(s) needed for the reverse reaction. Consequently, therecombination reaction can proceed to completion and result in a highyield of minicircle and, more importantly, a single population ofminicircle comprising a monomer of the transgene expression cassette,which is the optimal structure for delivery and gene expression in vivo.

Minicircle Production Cells

The present invention also provides bacterial cells that are useful inthe methods of the invention. In some embodiments, the cells have agenomically integrated polynucleotide cassette comprising a constitutivepromoter to drive the expression of the L-arabinose transporter araEgene, and include a genetic mutation in the endA gene that results inthe modified bacteria being unable to express functional endonuclease I.In such embodiments, the genetic mutation may be any mutation in theendA gene that results in knocking out the gene or production ofnon-functional endA. The genetic modification may be a deletion,inversion, or insertion in the endA coding sequence resulting in anon-functional endonuclease I. As such, no functional endonuclease Ipresents in the bacterium.

In other embodiments of the invention, the minicircle production cellsare modified to constitutively express mutant LacY A177C. The lactosetransporter mutant LacY A177C gains additional function to work asL-arabinose transporter, and by expressing this mutant the cellsovercome the resistance to L-arabinose in sub-populations of bacteria(i.e., the all-or-none phenomenon).

In further embodiments, the genetically modified bacteria include agenomically integrated coding sequence for a restriction endonucleasenot endogenous to the bacteria, such as the rare-cutting restrictionendonuclease ISceI. In yet further embodiments, the genetically modifiedbacteria include at least one genomically integrated coding sequence forthe unidirectional site-specific recombinase, such as øC31 integrase, aswell as the restriction endonuclease not endogenous to the bacteria,such as the rare-cutting restriction endonuclease ISceI (FIG. 7B).

In certain embodiments, the nucleic acid sequences encoding theunidirectional site-specific recombinase and the restrictionendonuclease are under the control of an inducible promoter. In suchembodiments, the bacterial cells do not constitutively express theunidirectional site-specific recombinase and the restrictionendonuclease. Instead, the unidirectional site-specific recombinase andthe restriction endonuclease will only be expressed when the induciblepromoters are activated.

In certain embodiments, the nucleic acid sequences encoding theunidirectional site-specific recombinase and the restrictionendonuclease are under the control of two different inducible promoters.In such embodiments, the unidirectional site-specific recombinase isunder the control of a first inducible promoter and the restrictionendonuclease is under the control of a second inducible promoter. Thetwo different inducible promoters allow for sequential expression of theunidirectional site-specific recombinase and the restrictionendonuclease.

As noted above, the benefit of this system is that the sequencesencoding the restriction endonuclease not endogenous to the bacterialcell and optionally the unidirectional site-specific recombinase are noton an extrachromosomal vector present in the bacterial cell that arehard to be removed when being co-isolated with the minicircle nucleicacid vector. In contrast, by providing the sequences encoding therestriction endonuclease not endogenous to the bacterial cell andoptionally the unidirectional site-specific recombinase as genomicallyintegrated elements, the coding sequences will remain with the bacteriawhen the minicircle nucleic acid vectors are collected or as linear DNAfragments that can be readily separated from the minicircles usingconventional purification methods.

Bacterial expression systems and expression vectors containingregulatory sequences that direct high level expression of foreignproteins are well known to those skilled in the art. Any of these couldbe used to construct vectors for expression of the unidirectionalsite-specific recombinase and restriction endonuclease genes inbacteria. These vectors could then be introduced into the bacteria viatransformation and subsequent genomic integration to allow forexpression of high level of the non-endogenous, or foreign, enzymes.

Vectors or cassettes useful for the transformation of suitable bacterialhost cells are well known in the art. Typically the vector or cassettecontains sequences directing transcription and translation of therelevant gene, a selectable marker, and sequences allowing autonomousreplication or chromosomal integration. Suitable vectors comprise aregion 5′ of the gene which harbors transcriptional initiation controlsand a region 3′ of the DNA fragment which controls transcriptionaltermination. It is most preferred when both control regions are derivedfrom genes homologous to the transformed host cell, although it is to beunderstood that such control regions need not be derived from the genesnative to the specific species chosen as a production host.

Stable expression can be achieved by integrating a construct into thehost genome. The construct can be integrated at a random site within thebacterial host genome or be targeted to a selected locus through the useof constructs containing regions of homology with the locus in hostgenome. Where constructs are targeted to an endogenous locus, all orsome of the transcriptional regulatory regions can be provided by theendogenous locus. Stable expression of the gene of interest can beachieved through the use of a selectable marker in the expressionconstruct, followed by selection for cells expressing the marker afterintegration.

Minicircle DNA Administration

The subject methods find use in a variety of applications in which it isdesired to generate minicircle nucleic acid preparations that aresubstantially free of contaminating nucleic acids and to introduce theexogenous minicircle nucleic acid sequence into a target cell, andparticularly of interest where it is desired to express a polynucleotideof interest in a target cell. As mentioned above, the subject vectorsmay be administered by in vitro or in vivo protocols.

The target cell may be an individual cell, e.g., as may be present in anin vitro environment, or present in a multicellular organism. As such,the subject methods of introducing the minicircle nucleic acid vectorsmay be in vivo methods, by which is meant that the exogenous nucleicacid is administered directly to the multicellular organism eithersystemically or in a localized manner to specific tissues or cells, suchas localized delivery of the minicircle vectors to hepatic cells, or invitro methods, in which the target cell or cells are removed from themulticellular organism and then contacted with the exogenous nucleicacid.

As indicated above, the subject vectors can be used with a variety oftarget cells, where target cells in many embodiments are non-bacterialtarget cells, and often eukaryotic target cells, including, but notlimited to, plant and animal target cells, e.g., insect cells,vertebrate cells, particularly avian cells, e.g., chicken cells, fish,amphibian and reptile cells, mammalian cells, including murine, porcine,ovine, equine, rat, ungulates, dog, cat, monkey, and human cells, andthe like.

In the methods of the subject invention, the vector is introduced intothe target cell. Any convenient protocol may be employed, where theprotocol may provide for in vitro or in vivo introduction of the vectorinto the target cell, depending on the location of the target cell. Forexample, where the target cell is an isolated cell, the vector may beintroduced directly into the cell under cell culture conditionspermissive of viability of the target cell, e.g., by using standardtransformation techniques. Such techniques include, but are notnecessarily limited to: viral infection, transformation, conjugation,protoplast fusion, electroporation, particle gun technology, calciumphosphate precipitation, direct microinjection, viral vector delivery,use of nanoparticles, and the like. The choice of method is generallydependent on the type of cell being transformed and the circumstancesunder which the transformation is taking place (i.e. in vitro, ex vivo,or in vivo). A general discussion of these methods can be found inAusubel, et al, Short Protocols in Molecular Biology, 3rd ed., Wiley &Sons, 1995.

Alternatively, where the target cell or cells are part of amulticellular organism, the targeting vector may be administered to theorganism or host in a manner such that the targeting construct is ableto enter the target cell(s), e.g., via an in vivo or ex vivo protocol.By “in vivo,” it is meant in the target construct is administered to aliving body of an animal. By “ex vivo” it is meant that cells or organsare modified outside of the body. Such cells or organs are typicallyreturned to a living body. Methods for the administration of nucleicacid constructs are well known in the art and include use ofnanoparticles as described in Bharali et al., “Organically ModifiedSilica Nanoparticles: A Nonviral Vector for In Vivo Gene Delivery andExpression in the Brain” PNAS 102(32):11539-44 (2005). Nucleic acidconstructs can be delivered with cationic lipids (Goddard, et al, GeneTherapy, 4:1231-1236, 1997; Gorman, et al, Gene Therapy 4:983-992, 1997;Chadwick, et al, Gene Therapy 4:937-942, 1997; Gokhale, et al, GeneTherapy 4:1289-1299, 1997; Gao, and Huang, Gene Therapy 2:710-722,1995,), using viral vectors (Monahan, et al, Gene Therapy 4:40-49, 1997;Onodera, et al, Blood 91:30-36, 1998,), by uptake of “naked DNA”, andthe like. Techniques well known in the art for the transformation ofcells (see discussion above) can be used for the ex vivo administrationof nucleic acid constructs. The exact formulation, route ofadministration and dosage can be chosen empirically. (See e.g. Fingl etal., 1975, in “The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics”, Ch. 1 pl).

The route of administration of the vector to the multicellular organismdepends on several parameters, including: the nature of the vectors thatcarry the system components, the nature of the delivery vehicle, thenature of the multicellular organism, and the like, where a commonfeature of the mode of administration is that it provides for in vivodelivery of the vector components to the target cell(s) via a systemicroute. Of particular interest as systemic routes are vascular routes, bywhich the vector is introduced into the vascular system of the host,e.g., an artery or vein, where intravenous routes of administration areof particular interest in many embodiments.

Any suitable delivery vehicle may be employed, where the deliveryvehicle is typically a pharmaceutical preparation that includes aneffective amount of the vector present in a pharmaceutically acceptablecarrier, diluent and/or adjuvant, or complexed covalently ornon-covalently to a nanoparticle. In certain embodiments, the vector isadministered in an aqueous delivery vehicle, e.g., a saline solution. Assuch, in many embodiments, the vector is administered intravascularly,e.g., intraarterially or intravenously, employing an aqueous baseddelivery vehicle, e.g., a saline solution.

In many embodiments, the vector is administered to the multicellularorganism in an in vivo manner such that it is introduced into a targetcell of the multicellular organism under conditions sufficient forexpression of the nucleic acid present on the vector to occur. A featureof the subject methods is that they result in persistent expression ofthe nucleic acid present thereon, as opposed to transient expression, asindicated above. By persistent expression is meant that the expressionof nucleic acid at a detectable level persists for an extended period oftime, if not indefinitely, following administration of the subjectvector. By extended period of time is meant at least 1 week, usually atleast 2 months and more usually at least 6 months. By detectable levelis meant that the expression of the nucleic acid is at a level such thatone can detect the encoded protein or the non-translated RNA in the celland/or mammal, e.g., in the serum of the mammal, at detectable levels ata therapeutic concentration, or has the desired biological effectexpected with expression, as compared to a control in which apBluescript vector is employed, nucleic acid expression persists for aperiod of time that is at least about 2 fold, usually at least about 5fold and more usually at least about 10 fold longer following thesubject methods as compared to a control.

A feature of many embodiments of the subject methods is that theabove-described persistent expression is achieved without integration ofthe minicircle nucleic acid vectors into the target cell genome of thehost. As such, the minicircle nucleic acid vectors introduced into thetarget cells does not integrate into, i.e., insert into, the target cellgenome, i.e., one or more chromosomes of the target cell. Accordingly,the vectors are maintained episomally, such that they are episomalvectors that provide for persistent expression.

The particular dosage of vector that is administered to themulticellular organism in the subject methods varies depending on thenature of vector, the nature of the expression module and gene, thenature of the delivery vehicle and the like. Dosages can readily bedetermined empirically by those of skill in the art. For example, inmice where the vectors are intravenously administered in a salinesolution vehicle, the amount of vector that is administered in manyembodiments typically ranges from about 2 to 100 and usually from about10 to 50 μg. The subject methods may be used to introduce nucleic acidsof various sizes into the target cell.

In in vivo protocols, the subject methods may be employed to introduce anucleic acid into a variety of different target cells. Target cells ofinterest include, but are not limited to: muscle, brain, endothelium,hepatic, and the like. Of particular interest in many embodiments is theuse of the subject methods to introduce a nucleic acid into at least ahepatic cell of the host.

Utility

The subject methods find use in a variety of applications in which theproduction and introduction of a nucleic acid into a target cell isdesired. Applications in which the subject vectors and methods find useinclude: research applications, polypeptide synthesis applications, RNAinterference applications, and therapeutic applications. Each of theserepresentative categories of applications is described separately belowin greater detail.

Research Applications

Examples of research applications in which the subject nucleic acidsproduced by the subject methods include applications designed tocharacterize a particular gene. In such applications, the subject vectoris employed to introduce and express a gene of interest in a target celland the resultant effect of the inserted gene on the cell's phenotype isobserved. In this manner, information about the gene's activity and thenature of the product encoded thereby can be deduced. One can alsoemploy the subject methods to produce models in which overexpressionand/or misexpression of a gene of interest is produced in a cell and theeffects of this mutant expression pattern are observed.

Polypeptide Synthesis Applications

In addition to the above research applications, the subject nucleicacids produced by the subject methods also find use in the synthesis ofpolypeptides, e.g. proteins of interest. In such applications, a minimalplasmid vector that includes a gene encoding the polypeptide of interestin combination with requisite and/or desired expression regulatorysequences, e.g. promoters, etc., (i.e. an expression module) isintroduced into the target cell, via in vivo administration to themulticellular organism in which the target cell resides, that is toserve as an expression host for expression of the polypeptide. Followingin vivo administration, the multicellular organism, and targeted hostcell present therein, is then maintained under conditions sufficient forexpression of the integrated gene. The expressed protein is thenharvested, and purified where desired, using any convenient protocol.

As such, the subject methods provide a means for at least enhancing theamount of a protein of interest in a multicellular organism. The term‘at least enhance’ includes situations where the methods are employed toincrease the amount of a protein in a multicellular organism where acertain initial amount of protein is present prior to in vivoadministration of the vector. The term ‘at least enhance’ also includesthose situations in which the multicellular organism includessubstantially none of the protein prior to administration of the vector.By “at least enhance” is meant that the amount of the particular proteinpresent in the host is increased by at least about 2 fold, usually by atleast about 5 fold and more usually by at least about 10 fold. As thesubject methods find use in at least enhancing the amount of a proteinpresent in a multicellular organism, they find use in a variety ofdifferent applications, including agricultural applications,pharmaceutical preparation applications, and the like, as well astherapeutic applications, described in greater detail infra.

RNA Interference Applications

In addition to the above protein synthesis applications, the subjectminicircle nucleic acid vector produced by the subject methods also finduse in RNA interference applications of sequence-specificpost-transcriptional silencing of gene expression mediated by smallsingle or double-stranded RNA including shRNA, siRNA, RNA decoys,ribozymes, or antisense RNA or others. In such embodiments thepolynucleotide of interest comprises a coding sequence that provides forexpression of non-translated RNA products, e.g., shRNA as described inMcCaffery et al., “RNA interference in adult mice”, Nature418(6893):38-9(2002), Paskowitz et al., “Rapid and stable knockdown ofan endogenous gene in retinal pigment epithelium”, Hum Gene Ther.18(10):871-80 (2007), antisense RNA, as described in Lieber et al.,“Elimination of hepatitis C virus RNA in infected human hepatocytes byadenovirus-mediated expression of ribozymes,” J Virol. (1996 December)70(12):8782-91; Lieber et al., “Related Articles Adenovirus-mediatedexpression of ribozymes in mice,” J Virol. (1996 May) 70(5):3153-8; Tanget al., “Intravenous angiotensinogen antisense in AAV-based vectordecreases hypertension,” Am J Physiol. (1999 December) 277(6 Pt2):H2392-9; Horster et al. “Recombinant AAV-2 harboringgfp-antisense/ribozyme fusion sequences monitor transduction, geneexpression, and show anti-HIV-1 efficacy, Gene Ther. (1999 July)6(7):1231-8; and Phillips et al., “Prolonged reduction of high bloodpressure with an in vivo, nonpathogenic, adeno-associated viral vectordelivery of AT1-R mRNA antisense,” Hypertension. (1997 January) 29(1 Pt2):374-80. As such, the subject methods can be used to delivertherapeutic non-translated RNA molecules, e.g., shRNA, antisense RNA,etc., into target cells of the host.

Therapeutic Applications

The subject nucleic acids produced by the subject methods also find usein therapeutic applications, in which the vectors are employed tointroduce a therapeutic nucleic acid, e.g., gene or a non-translated RNAsuch as a shRNA, into a target cell, i.e., in gene therapy applications,to provide for persistent expression of the product encoded by thenucleic acid present on the vector. The subject vectors may be used todeliver a wide variety of therapeutic nucleic acids, including nucleicacid encoding proteins or non-translated RNAs. Therapeutic nucleic acidsof interest include genes that replace defective genes in the targethost cell, such as those responsible for genetic defect based diseasedconditions; genes which have therapeutic utility in the treatment ofcancer; and the like. Therapeutic nucleic acids of interest also includenucleic acid sequences encoding RNAs, such as double-stranded RNAs orshRNAs that mediate sequence-specific post-transcriptional silencing ofgene expression in a target cell.

Specific therapeutic genes for use in the treatment of genetic defectbased disease conditions include genes encoding the following products:factor VIII, factor IX, β-globin, low-density lipoprotein receptor,adenosine deaminase, purine nucleoside phosphorylase, sphingomyelinase,glucocerebrosidase, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductor regulator,α1-antitrypsin, CD-18, ornithine transcarbamylase, argininosuccinatesynthetase, phenylalanine hydroxylase, branched-chain α-ketoaciddehydrogenase, fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase, glucose 6-phosphatase,α-L-fucosidase, β-glucuronidase, α-L-iduronidase, galactose 1-phosphateuridyltransferase, and the like, where the particular coding sequence ofthe above proteins that is employed will generally be the codingsequence that is found naturally in the host being treated, i.e., humancoding sequences are employed to treat human hosts. Cancer therapeuticgenes that may be delivered via the subject methods include: genes thatenhance the antitumor activity of lymphocytes, genes whose expressionproduct enhances the immunogenicity of tumor cells, tumor suppressorgenes, toxin genes, suicide genes, multiple-drug resistance genes,antisense sequences, and the like.

An important feature of the subject methods, as described supra, is thatthe subject methods may be used for in vivo gene therapy applications.By in vivo gene therapy applications is meant that the target cell orcells in which expression of the therapeutic gene is desired are notremoved from the host prior to contact with the vector system. Incontrast, the subject vectors are administered directly to themulticellular organism and are taken up by the target cells; thenexpressed in the target cell. Another important feature is that theresultant expression is persistent and occurs without integration of thevector DNA into the target cell genome.

Kits

Also provided by the subject invention are kits for use in practicingthe subject methods of producing minicircle nucleic acid delivery totarget cells as well as methods of introducing the vectors into a targetcell.

In some embodiments, the subject kits will include bacterial cellscomprising a genomically integrated coding sequence for the L-arabinosetransporter araE gene under the control of a constitutive promoter andlacking functional endonuclease I expression. In certain embodiments,the subject kits include such bacterial cells, and further include aminicircle parental plasmid comprising either a restriction endonucleasesite for insertion of a polynucleotide of interest, where thepolynucleotide of interest is flanked by attB and attP sites recognizedby a unidirectional site-specific recombinase. The parental plasmidfurther comprises a coding sequence for the unidirectional site-specificrecombinase, a coding sequence for a restriction endonuclease notendogenous to the bacterial cell, and at least one restriction siterecognized by the encoded restriction endonuclease to provide fordestruction of the plasmid backbone circle following the recombinationreaction. The vector may be present in an aqueous medium or may belyophilized.

In some embodiments, the subject kits will include bacterial cells whichwill include a genomically integrated sequence encoding a restrictionendonuclease not endogenous to the bacterial cell, such as therare-cutting restriction endonuclease IScel, in addition to the codingsequence for the L-arabinose transporter araE gene under the control ofa constitutive promoter and lacking in functional endonuclease Iexpression. In certain embodiments, the subject kits include thebacterial cells and minicircle parental plasmid as described above.

In some embodiments, the subject kits will include bacterial cellsexpressing a unidirectional site-specific recombinase and a restrictionendonuclease not endogenous to the bacterial cell in addition to thecoding sequence for the L-arabinose transporter araE gene under thecontrol of a constitutive promoter and lacking in functionalendonuclease I expression, as described in greater detail above. In someembodiments, the subject kits will include bacterial cells expressingthe additional L-arabinose transporter LacY A177C under the control of aconstitutive promoter. In certain embodiments, the subject kitsgenerally include the bacterial cells and minicircle parental plasmid asdescribed above.

The subject kits may further include an aqueous delivery vehicle, e.g. abuffered saline solution, etc. In addition, the kits may include one ormore restriction endonucleases for use in transferring a nucleic acid ofinterest into the minicircle parental plasmid, where the restrictionendonuclease will correspond to the restriction endonuclease sitepresent on the minicircle parental plasmid. In the subject kits, theabove components may be combined into a single aqueous composition fordelivery into the host or separate as different or disparatecompositions, e.g., in separate containers. Optionally, the kit mayfurther include a vascular delivery means for delivering the aqueouscomposition to the host, e.g. a syringe etc., where the delivery meansmay or may not be pre-loaded with the aqueous composition.

In addition to the above components, the subject kits will furtherinclude instructions for practicing the subject methods. Theseinstructions may be present in the subject kits in a variety of forms,one or more of which may be present in the kit. One form in which theseinstructions may be present is as printed information on a suitablemedium or substrate, e.g. a piece or pieces of paper on which theinformation is printed, in the packaging of the kit, in a packageinsert, etc. Yet another means would be a computer readable medium, e.g.diskette, CD, etc., on which the information has been recorded. Yetanother means that may be present is a website address which may be usedvia the internet to access the information at a removed site. Anyconvenient means may be present in the kits.

EXAMPLES

The following examples are put forth so as to provide those of ordinaryskill in the art with a complete disclosure and description of how tomake and use the present invention, and are not intended to limit thescope of what the inventors regard as their invention nor are theyintended to represent that the experiments below are all or the onlyexperiments performed. Efforts have been made to ensure accuracy withrespect to numbers used (e.g. amounts, temperature, etc.) but someexperimental errors and deviations should be accounted for. Unlessindicated otherwise, parts are parts by weight, molecular weight isweight average molecular weight, temperature is in degrees Centigrade,and pressure is at or near atmospheric.

Methods and Materials

Plasmids. Construction of minicircle producing plasmid p2øC31.hFIX (FIG.1A) was described earlier (Chen Z Y et al., Human Gene Therapy 16:126,2005); the MC.hFIX (FIG. 1B) and the plasmid BB (FIG. 1C) were therecombination products derived from the minicircle producing plasmidp2øC31.hFIX. We made the curable plasmid p2øC31.ISce 1g&s (FIG. 1D) byeliminating the attB-hFIX-attP sequence from the plasmid p2øC31.hFIX. Tomake the plasmid pKanR.endA (FIG. 1E), we replaced the hFIX cassette inp2øC31.hFIX with the kanamycin resistance gene derived from plasmidpBK-CMV and relocated the attB-Kanamycin-attP sequence into thepBlueScript (Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif.) and generated theintermediate plasmid pKanR; subsequently, we PCR-generated the up- anddown-stream targeting sequences using endA-specific primers and Top 10genomic DNA as template and inserted them outside the attB- andattP-site, respectively. We constructed the p3BAD.ISce Ig.KanR.UMU (FIG.1F) by inserting three tandem copies of the BAD.ISce I cassette, whichwas derived from the plasmid p2øC31.hFIX (FIG. 1A), upstream of the attBsite of the intermediate plasmid pKanR, and the two UMU-targetingsequences generated by PCR using UMU gene-specific primers and Top 10genomic DNA.

We made the plasmid p8ISce Is (FIG. 1G) by inserting eight consecutiveISce I restriction sites, each encoded by a pair of DNA oligomers, intothe Kpn I site of the pBlueScript. Plasmids pcl857.FLP and—pBAD.RED weregifts from Dr. Wanner B L, Yale University (PNAS 97:6640, 2000). øC31,phage Streptomyce recombinase gene; hFIX, human coagulation proteinfactor IX; attB, bacterial attachment sequence; attP, phage attachmentsequence; attR and attL, the right and left hybrid sequences,respectively; ISce Ig, the gene encoding the restriction enzyme ISce I;ISce Is, the ISce I restriction site; sApoE, the artificialenhancer/promoter described in details earlier (Miao et al. Mol Ther1:522, 2000); AmpR, ampicillin resistance gene; UC, pUC plasmidreplication origin; BDA, BAD promoter; araC, araC repression gene;L-arab, L-arabinose.

Engineering bacterium. We obtained the bacterial strain BW27783 from Dr.Keasling J D of University of California in Berkeley (Khlebnikov A etal., Microbiology 147:3241, 2001). To make the intermediate strainBWΔendA.KanR (FIG. 3A), we prepared the endA-targeting DNA fragment fromplasmid pKanR.endA (FIG. 1E) via Pme 1 digestion; we integrated it intothe endA locus in BW27783 and cured the plasmid pBAD.RED following theprocedure of Datsenko K A and Wanner B L (PNAS 97:6640, 2000).Subsequently, we ran two PCR reactions using gene-specific primers andfound PCR products with expected size from the new strain genome,suggesting the targeted integration of the antibiotic resistance gene(FIG. 3B). To eliminate the kanamycin-resistance gene from BWΔendA.KanR,we transformed the strain BWΔendA.KanR with plasmid p2øC31.ISce 1g&s,inoculated a colony in LB broth containing 1% L-arabinose, and incubatedat 30° C. for four hours; subsequently, we selected the ampicillin- andkanamycin-sensitive colonies by growing bacterial colonies at agarplates with or without either antibiotics (FIG. 3A).

To determine if the endonuclease 1 was inactivated, we transformed theresulted strain BWΔendA with plasmid p2øC31.hFIX, generated minicircleusing standard protocol, and found that the minicircle was intact,further confirming the deletion of the endA gene (FIG. 3C). Using thetargeting DNA generated from plasmid p3BAD.ISce I.KanR.UMU (FIG. 1F) andfollowing the same procedure we integrated 3 tandem copies of theBAD.ISce 1 gene into the genome of strain BWΔendA and generated the newstrain BWΔendA.3ISce 1g.

Minicircle production procedure. We produced minicircle according to theprocedure described previously (Chen et al., Human Gene Therapy 16:126,2005). Briefly, we used p2øC31.hFIX to transform Top 10 or otherstrains, and grew a colony of the bacteria in LB. We spun down thebacteria from the overnight culture, resuspended 4:1 (volume ofovernight bacterial culture vs volume of fresh broth for resuspension)in fresh LB broth with 1% of L-arabinose, and incubated the reaction at30° C. with shaking at 250 rpm for two hours. Subsequently, we addedhalf volume of fresh LB broth (pH8.0) with 1% L-arabinose to theinduction reaction and continued the incubation at 37° C. for additionaltwo hours. We isolated the minicircle MC.FIX from bacteria using Qiagenplasmid purification kits (Qiagen, Valencia, Calif.).

Example 1 Reduction of Impurity DNA in Minicircle Preparation fromBW27783

In our original protocol, we used minicircle-producing plasmid such asp2øC31.hFIX (FIG. 1A) and Top 10 strain to produce minicircle (Chen Z Yet al., Human Gene Therapy 16:126, 2005). In our minicircle prep,however, we detected small but variable amount of impurity DNAcomprising the unrecombined parental plasmid and the plasmid backbonecircle (plasmid BB). We perceived that the impurity DNAs were largelyresulted from the “all-or-none” phenomenon: a subpopulation of thebacteria became incapable of expressing the high-capacity, low-affinityL-arabinose transporter araE and absorbing L-arabinose and expressingøC31 and ISce I genes under the control of the araC-ABD regulationsystem. Khlebnikov A and colleagues (Microbiology 147:3241, 2001)reported the partial overcoming of the “all-or-none” phenomenon by usingthe constitutive promoter cp8 to drive the expression of araE in strainBW27783. In an attempt to solve the impurity DNA problem, we replacedthe native promoter with the same cp8 promoter to drive the expressionof the araE gene in Top 10 strain. There was no change in minicircleyields or contamination perhaps because the DNA sequences were notcorrectly inserted.

In addition we obtained the BW27783 from Dr. Keasling of University ofCalifornia in Berkeley and used it to replace Top 10 to make minicircle;we found that the minicircle the strain produced contained no visibleimpurity DNA as determined by agar gel electrophoresis, and that thiswas achievable when the concentration of the arac-pBAD inducerL-arabinose was as low as 0.001% in incubation reaction, a level1,000-fold lower than that in Top 10 strain (FIG. 2A). Unexpectedly, wefound variable degrees of minicircle DNA degradation (FIG. 2B).

Example 2 Deletion of Enda Gene Overcame DNA Degradation Problem

As recA is known to affect plasmid stability (Khlebnikov A et al., JBacteriol 182:7029, 2000), we inactivated the recA gene in BW27783, butfound it was not helpful (data not shown). Perceiving that theendonuclease 1 was responsible, we set forth to delete the endA geneencoding this DNA-destructive enzyme. To do this, we made the plasmidpkanR.endA carrying the kanamycin resistance gene flanked by attB andattP sites and two PCR-generated sequences targeting the endA gene (FIG.1E); we prepared the linear targeting DNA by cutting the plasmid withPme 1 and integrated it to the endA gene of BW27783 following theprotocol of Datsenko K A and Wanner B L (PNAS 97:6640, 2000) withmodifications (FIG. 3A). We failed in the first attempt by using two35-bp sequences for targeting as suggested (data not shown); however, wesucceeded later by increasing the targeting sequences to 329- and754-bp, respectively. We detected the integrated DNA in 3 out of 4resulted bacterial colonies via PCR using kanamycin resistance gene- andendA-specific primers (FIG. 3B). We removed the kanamycin resistancegene from bacterial genome by expressing øC31 recombinase from plasmidp2øC31.ISce 1g&s (FIG. 1D) to mediate the recombination between attB andattP and obtained the strain BWΔendA (FIG. 3A).

Subsequently, we used BWΔendA stain to prepare minicircle withp2øC31.hFIX (FIG. 1A) and found that the minicircle was intact (FIG.3C). Surprisingly, we observed trace amount of the impurity DNAs in theminicircle preparation that were not seen in minicircle generated usingthe parental strain BW27783 (FIG. 2A). We hypothesized that the traceamount of impurity DNA was derived from dead bacteria; alternatively,they were resulted from the incomplete elimination of the “all-or-non”behavior as suggested by Morgan-Kiss and colleagues (PNAS 99:7373,2002). These authors found that the lactose transporter mutant LacYA177C gains additional function to work as L-arabinose transporter andexpressing this mutant is able to completely eliminate the “all-or-none”phenomenon. Therefore, we obtained the mutant LacY A177C gene from Dr.Cronan J E of Yale University, placed it uner the control theconstitutive promoter of lactosidase gene (bla) and used it to replacethe wild type LacY gene in the genome of an intermediate strain (FIG. 7;FIGS. 9A to 9D).

Example 3 Expressing ISCE I Gene from Bacterial Genome

We hypothesized that the best way to prepare minicircle free of øC31-and ISce I-encoding DNA is to express both the recombinase øC31 andrestriction enzyme ISce 1 from the bacterial genome. We hypothesizedthat dead bacteria occur in any culture so that contamination isinevitable, and that these impurity DNAs cause more harm because theyare circular, stable, and physically indistinguishable from theminicircle and hence hard to be removed. In contrast, when øC31 and ISceI are integrated into the bacterial genome, these risky genes, as linearDNA of bacterial genome debris, have less chance to contaminate, aremore easily removed, and, degradable by host exonucleases, causinglittle or no harm to the recipient. Therefore, we set forth to relocatethe BAD.ISce I cassette from the minicircle producing plasmid to thebacterial genome.

To do this, we made the plasmid p3BAD.ISCe Ig.KanR.UMU carrying 3 tandemcopies of the BAD.ISce 1 cassette and two PCR-generated sequencestargeting the bacterial UMU locus flanking the 3BAD.ISce1.attB-kanR-attP cassettes (FIG. 1F). Following the same protocolinactivating the endA gene as described above, we successfullyintegrated the ISce 1 genes into the BWΔendA genome and obtained thestrain BWΔendA.3ISce 1 (FIG. 4A). Likewise, we detected the ISce 1 genevia PCR using the gene-specific primers (FIG. 4B). To determine if theintegrated ISce I gene was functioning, we transfected the new bacterialstrain with plasmid p8ISce 1s carrying 8 consecutive ISce I restrictionsites (FIG. 1G) and found that the plasmid was almost completely lostwhen ISce 1 enzyme was induced to express for 4 hours, but remainedintact when expression of ISce I was absent (FIG. 4C). We found that thegenomic ISce 1 gene worked as well in the minicircle producing settingsand this will be described in more details below (FIGS. 5B and 5C).

Example 4 Function of Genomic ISCE 1 Gene in Minicircle PreparationSettings

In the previous section, we demonstrated that the three copies of theintegrated BAD.ISce 1 gene were functioning by showing the destructionof plasmids carrying 8-ISce 1 restriction sites. Here, we providefurther evidence showing that the new strain worked well in eliminatingthe impurity DNA in actual minicircle preparation setting. We conductedtwo experiments making minicircle using the new strain. In the firstexperiment, we used three parental plasmids which contained a 2.3-kbRSV.hAAT.bpA cassette and one copy of the BAD.øC31 gene each and 8-or32- or 64-consecutive ISce 1 sites, respectively (FIG. 5A). Wetransformed the strain BWΔendA.3ISce 1 with the plasmids and preparedminicircle using routine protocol as described earlier (Chen et al., HumGene Ther 16:126, 2005). We estimated the amount of the impurity DNA byagarose gel electrophoresis using the restricted minicircle preps andfound that the impurity was barely visible in the three minicircle preps(FIG. 5B). In the second experiment, we used a similar minicircleproducing plasmid encoding a 4.2-kb expression cassette with 32-ISce 1sites in the plasmid backbone and found that the contaminant DNA wasalmost invisible (FIG. 5C). Therefore, the integrated ISce 1 gene, inconcert with multiplying its sites, worked very well.

Example 5 Integration of Multiple Copies of ØC31 Gene into the Genome ofBWΔENDA.3ISCE IG

Due to their potential in damaging the recipient genome, completeelimination of the øC31 and ISce 1 genes from minicircle prep is animportant safety criterion of clinical grade vector DNA. To achievethis, we further relocated the øC31 gene from plasmid bacterial backbonesequences to the bacterial genome after integrating 3 copies of theISceI gene. It is expected that contamination of both øC31 and ISce 1genes in the minicircle prep will be encoded only by linear bacterialgenomic DNA debris; which is physically distinguishable from theminicircle. In particular, the linear DNA can be more easily eliminatedby multiple commercially available biological or chemical orphysiological means. For example, lambda exonuclease can be used to chewup the linear DNA without damaging the minicircle DNA preparation,resulting in minicircle product free of both øC31 and ISce 1 genes.

Three copies of the BAD.ISce 1 cassette have been integrated into thebacterial genome and have been found to be functioning properly (FIGS.5B and 5C). We have conducted an experiment integrating 6 copies of theBAD.øC31 to the genome of the strain BWΔendA.3ISce 1. FIG. 7B shows thefinal version of the bacterial genome with all the genetic alterationswe have made and will make; which strain will allow preparation ofclinical grade minicircle vectors, free of øC31 and ISce 1 codingsequences.

FIGS. 8A-8C demonstrate integration of BAD.øC31 gene. FIG. 8A showsintegration of targeting attB site in the AendA locus of strain D8(BWΔendA.3ISce 1) made earlier (FIGS. 3A-3C & FIGS. 4A-4C). We preparedthe linear DNA carrying an attB sequence from a precursor plasmiddigested with Pme 1; we integrated it into the ΔendA locus mediated bythe RED enzymes as described earlier (FIG. 3A). Subsequently, weeliminated the KanR gene from the integrant via the recombinationbetween the two FRT sequences mediated by flipase expressed from plasmidpcl857.FLP; we incubated the bacteria at 43° C. for 8 hours to inducethe expression of flipase and killed the plasmid at the same time.Consequently, we obtained the strain D8FRTII carrying a modified ΔendAlocus comprising a FRT and an attB sites. FIG. 8B shows the integrationof 2 copies of the BAD.øC31 gene. We transfected the strain D8FRTII withplasmid p2øC31 and induced expression of the øC31 enzyme to mediate theintegration of the subsequently transfected plasmid p2øC31.R6KFRT intothe endA locus via recombination between the attB and attP; we killedthe plasmid p2øC31 via restriction digestion with ISce 1 expressed fromthe genomic endonuclease gene; we then removed the R6K.KanR sequencesfrom the integrant via the recombination between the two FRT sites asdescribed above (FIG. 8A). We used the DNA origin R6K in the integratingplasmid, for R6K requires protein pi to function and is capable ofsupporting plasmid replication only in the pi-expressing strains such asPIR1 (Invitrogen, Carlsbad Calif.), but not in the pi-negative D8FRTII;this feature ensures the selection of only the colonies carrying theintegrated, but not the episomal, antibiotic resistance gene (KanR)encoded in the plasmid p2øC31.R6KFRT. FIG. 8C demonstrates PCR evidenceof the integrant.

PCR reactions were conducted using a primer pair immediate outside theendA locus; lanes 1 and 2 were the PCR reactions using the genomic DNAof clones 1 and 3 of CC2øC31 strain as templates, while lane 3 thestrain D8FRTII; PCR 1 (7.5-kb) and 2 (2.5-KB) are the expected productsfrom respective reactions. FIG. 8D shows the formation of minicircle(MC, about 2.5-kb) by strain CC2øC31 clones 1 and 3. The parentalplasmid pattB.RHB.attP.ISce 1sx32 encodes a same RHB transgene and 32ISce 1 sites as the parental plasmid described in FIG. 5A, but containsno BAD.øC31 gene. The minicircle was produced using the standardprotocol as described previously (Chen et al., Humn Gene Ther 16:126,2005); the DNA was restricted with Xba I plus BamH1 beforeelectrophoresis.

Example 6

Our efforts to optimize minicircle production led us to develop animproved bacterial genome modification strategy. The enhancementsinclude: (i) the use of a circular integrating plasmid instead of linearDNA, allowing repeated integration of the same or different DNAsequences of up to 50 kb in selected targets; (ii) inclusion of a secondrecombinase, allowing selective removal of unwanted sequences, such asthe hybrid sequences responsible for the reverse recombinase reaction,along with the useless or harmful plasmid backbone DNAs, from thegenome; and (iii) the use of the TPin/9attB.9attP recombination system,eliminating the inherent problems with the FLP/FRT system, in which theuncontrolled reaction between the substrate and product FRTs makesrepeated integration virtually impossible. These bacterial genemodifications would be difficult to achieve with conventional homologousrecombination methods. In our approach we were able to remove one of thetwo recombination hybrids (either attL or attR), disabling the reversereaction and resulting in a stable genomic insertion. Recent studieshave shown that repeated gene sequences inserted into the bacterialgenome are stable for at least 80 generations. This type ofsite-specific integration broadens the ability to make stable geneticmodifications in prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes.

Integration of the BAD.φC31 cassettes. Three experiments were conductedto integrate ten copies of BAD.φC31 into the bacterial genome: two, fourand four copies into the endA locus, araD gene and galK gene,respectively. All three integration events were achieved by φC31integrase-mediated, site-specific recombination between the attB or attPsite in an integrating plasmid, and the attB or attP in the targetedgenomic sites as described for the endA gene disruption.

In an earlier attempt, we found that the integrated BAD.φC31 was lostsoon after its integration. This is probably the result of a reversereaction mediated by an uncharacterized excisionase or cofactor thatworked in concert with φC31 integrase produced by the leaky expressionfrom the integrated BAD.φC31. To stabilize the integrant, we designed adouble recombination strategy. The φC31 integrase was used to mediate anintegration event followed by FLP- or TPin-mediated recombination toremove the attL. This would eliminate the possibility of a reversereaction between the attL and attR. For integration of the 2BAD.φC31, weused the Red-mediated homologous recombination strategy with a linearDNA containing an attB site, a KanR gene and two flanking FRTs forinsertion into the ΔendA locus. To remove the KanR, cells from one3S2T.KanR colony were transformed with pcl587.FLP, and cells from atransformed colony were grown in 5 ml of antibiotic-free LB at 42° C.for 8 h. This induced the expression of FLP to mediate the recombinationbetween the two FRTs, resulting in the elimination of KanR followed bythe loss of the temperature-sensitive pcl587.FLP. Subsequently, thecells named 3S2T.attB were transformed with p2φC31.attP.FRT. Cells fromone transformed colony were grown in 2-ml of LB containing 1%l-arabinose at 32° C. for 2 h, which induced the expression of φC31integrase to mediate the recombination between the attB in the ΔendAlocus and the attP in the plasmid. The same FLP-mediated FRT-FRTrecombination was conducted to mediate the removal of the attL andR6K.Zeo and KanR, resulting in the strain of 2P3S2T. The integrated2BAD.φC31 was confirmed by DNA sequencing of the locus-specific PCRproduct (FIG. 6C) and by demonstrating the function in mediatingminicircle formation. Integration of the four copies of the BAD.φC31gene into the araD and galK loci, respectively, was also mediated byφC31 integrase; however, the removal of the attL was mediated bybacteriophage TP901-1 integrase (TPin). To do this, we used the Redrecombination system to integrate a DNA fragment encoding TetR flankedwith an attB and a phage attachment site of TPin (9attP) into the araDor galK site and confirmed the integrant by DNA sequencing of theintegrant-specific PCR product. We integrated p4φC31.attP.9attB into themodified araD or galK locus following the same procedure as used forintegrating the p2φC31.attP.FRT with modifications. We selected thecolonies with integrants using plates containing both Tet and Kan,transformed the selected intermediates 6P3S2T.KanR.TetR or10P3S2T.KanR.TetR with plasmid pBAD.TPin, and screened the resultingcolonies using triple antibiotic resistance (Tet, Kan and Amp). We grewthe cells from one colony in 2 ml of antibiotic-free LB containing 1%l-arabinose, with shaking (250 r.p.m.) at 43° C. for 6-8 h beforespreading onto an antibiotic-free plate and incubated at 43° C.overnight. l-arabinose induced expression of both recombinases, however,the incubation temperature allowed significant TPin integrase activitybut little φC31 integrase activity, resulting in the TPinintegrase-mediated removal of attL and selection of colonies with thedesired integrant, 6P3S2T and ZYCY10P3S2T.

Constructs. Plasmid pK_(a)nR.endA was made by inserting the followingDNA elements: the kanamycin-resistance gene (KanR) flanked by thebacterial (attB) and phage (attP) attachment sites of the Streptomycesbacteriophage φC31 integrase and PCR-generated 329- and 734-bp fragmentsof endonuclease A gene (endA) into the pBlueScript (Stratagene) plasmid.The plasmid p2φC31 was made by removing the human factor IX (hFIX)transgene and flanking attB and attP sites from p2φC31.hFIX₆, theBAD.I-SceI cassette and I-SceI site were retained. To make the plasmidp3BAD.I-SceI, the araC repressor gene together with three tandem copiesof BAD.I-SceI gene were inserted downstream of the attB site of theplasmid pK_(a)nR.endA (FIG. 2B), followed by replacement of endA withthe 737- and 647-bp UMU fragment generated by PCR. The plasmidpBS.8I-SceIs was constructed by inserting eight consecutive copies ofthe 18-bp I-SceI site into pBlueScript. The plasmids pBAD.Red andpcl587.FLP, which both carry the temperature-sensitive A101 origin ofreplication, were obtained from the E. coli Genetic Resource Center ofYale University. Plasmid pFRT.KanR.attB was generated by inserting theattB site and the KanR flanked with FRT sites of flipase intopBlueScript using DNA oligonucleotides. Plasmid p2φC31.attP.FRT wasconstructed using our previous minicircle-producing plasmid p2φC31.hFIX₆as starting material. The sApoE.hFIX and BAD.I-SceI cassettes and theI-SceI site were eliminated, the ColE1 origin and the AmpR were replacedwith the KanR, the FRT and attP sites and the plasmid replication originR6K plus zeocin-resistance gene (Zeo) derived from the plasmid pCpG-mcs(InvivoGen). The plasmid pMC.ApoE.hFIX was made by stepwise replacementof the AmpR and the F1 origin in the plasmid pBS.8I-SceI with KanR andsApoE.hFIX and the flanking attB and attP sites from the plasmidp2φC31.hFIX₆, followed by the insertion of an additional 24 consecutiveI-SceI recognition sites. The plasmid pMC.CMV.LGNSO was made byreplacing the attB.RSV.hAAT.attP fragment in the plasmid pMC.RSV.hAATwith the fragment flanked with the attB and attP derived from theplasmid p2φC31.LGNSO, as described previously. The plasmid placY.TetRwas made by inserting the TetR sequence from pACYC184 (New EnglandBiolabs) and flanked with PCR-generated 425 and 227 bp of the z and alactose operon genes, respectively. Plasmid pbla.lacY A177C was made byinserting the beta-lactosidase gene promoter (bla) derived frompBlueScript fused with the lacY A177C cDNA derived from plasmid placYA177C. Plasmid p9attP.TetR.attB was made by replacing the z and afragments in the plasmid placY.TetR with the attachment site (9attP)from bacteriophage TP901-1 and attB. Plasmid p4φC31.attP.9attB wasgenerated by replacing the FRT and ZEO.R6K sequences of p2φC31.attP.FRTwith the bacterial attachment site 9attB of bacteriophage TP901-1 andA101 from plasmid pBAD.Red₁₆, followed by insertion of two additionalcopies of the BAD.φC31 sequence.

Insertional inactivation of the endonuclease A gene in BW27783. This wasachieved by Red-mediated homologous recombination between a linear DNAand the endA gene. To do this, BW27783 cells were transformed withpBAD.Red. Cells from one transformed colony were used to make competentcells, as described. Briefly, the cells were cultured in 25 ml of lowsalt LB containing ampicillin (50 μg/ml) and 1% l-arabinose andincubated at 32° C. with shaking at 250 r.p.m. until the OD600 was 0.5.The competent cells were immediately transformed with 50 ng of thePme1-restricted targeting DNA fragment prepared from pK_(a)nR.endA,cultured at 32° C. for 1 h, spread onto a plate containing kanamycin(Kan, 25 μg/ml) and incubated at 43° C. overnight. To select the KanR⁺colonies free of pBAD.Red, eight KanR₊, colonies were cultured in 500 μlLB with Kan at 43° C. for 30 min and 1 μl each was loaded onto theantibiotic-free, Kan-, and Amp₃₀ plates, which were incubated at 43° C.overnight. To remove the KanR gene in the strain BWΔendA.KanR, competentcells were prepared from one KanR₊-colony, transformed with p2φC31 andspread onto a Amp plate; subsequently, eight cultures were begun fromeight p2φC31-transformed colonies in 500-μl antibiotic-free LBcontaining 1% l-arabinose at 32° C. for 2 h to induce the removal ofKanR via φC31 integrase-mediated recombination between the attB and attPflanking the KanR, followed by 4 additional hours at 37° C. to induceI-SceI—mediated destruction of p2φC31. The cells were spread onto anantibiotic-free plate. Cells from eight colonies were cultured in 500 μlantibiotic-free LB at 37° C. for 30 min, and 1 μl each was loaded ontothe antibiotic-free, Kan⁻ and Amp₊, plates to select the AmpR⁻/KanR⁻colonies. This resulted in the BWΔendA strain. The disruption of theendA gene was confirmed by DNA sequencing of the locus-specific PCRproducts generated from selected colonies.

Integration of the 2^(nd) -arabinose transporter lacY A177C and threecopies of the BAD.I-SceI gene. Replacement of the y gene (lacY) of thelactose operon with the mutant lacY A177C and integration of threecopies of the I-SceI gene into the UMU locus were achieved by the sameRed-mediated homology recombination protocol as described for the endAgene disruption. To integrate the lacY A177C, however, knockout of thewild-type lacY was performed before knocking in the lacY A177C. Bothwere accomplished using the same Red-mediated homologous recombination.We used a DNA fragment containing TetR flanked with fragments of the zand a genes to knock out lacY, and selected the intermediate,BWΔendA.TetR on the Tet⁻ (6 μg/ml)-plate. This allowed the selection ofthe next integrant using differential KanR/TetR selection.

Integration of the BAD.φC31 cassettes. Three experiments were conductedto integrate ten copies of BAD.φC31 into the bacterial genome: two, fourand four copies into the ΔendA locus, araD gene and galK gene,respectively. All three integration events were achieved by φC31integrase-mediated, site-specific recombination between the attB or attPsite in an integrating plasmid, and the attB or attP in the targetedgenomic sites as described for the endA gene disruption.

In an earlier attempt, we found that the integrated BAD.φC31 was lostsoon after its integration. This is probably the result of a reversereaction mediated by an uncharacterized excisionase or cofactor thatworked in concert with φC31 integrase produced by the leaky expressionfrom the integrated BAD.φC31. To stabilize the integrant, we designed adouble recombination strategy. The φC31 integrase was used to mediate anintegration event followed by FLP- or TPin-mediated recombination toremove the attL. This would eliminate the possibility of a reversereaction between the attL and attR. For integration of the 2BAD.φC31, weused the Red-mediated homologous recombination strategy with a linearDNA containing an attB site, a KanR gene and two flanking FRTs forinsertion into the ΔendA locus. To remove the KanR, cells from one3S2T.KanR colony were transformed with pcl587.FLP, and cells from atransformed colony were grown in 5 ml of antibiotic-free LB at 42° C.for 8 h. This induced the expression of FLP to mediate the recombinationbetween the two FRTs, resulting in the elimination of KanR followed bythe loss of the temperature-sensitive pcl587.FLP. Subsequently, thecells named 3S2T.attB were transformed with p2φC31.attP.FRT. Cells fromone transformed colony were grown in 2-ml of LB containing 1%l-arabinose at 32° C. for 2 h, which induced the expression of φC31integrase to mediate the recombination between the attB in the ΔendAlocus and the attP in the plasmid. The same FLP-mediated FRT-FRTrecombination was conducted to mediate the removal of the attL andR6K.Zeo and KanR, resulting in the strain of 2P3S2T. The integrated2BAD.φC31 was confirmed by DNA sequencing of the locus-specific PCRproduct and by demonstrating the function in mediating minicircleformation. Integration of the four copies of the BAD.φC31 gene into thearaD and galK loci, respectively, was also mediated by φC31 integrase;however, the removal of the attL was mediated by bacteriophage TP901-1integrase (TPin). To do this, we used the Red recombination system tointegrate a DNA fragment encoding TetR flanked with an attB and a phageattachment site of TPin (9attP) into the araD or galK site and confirmedthe integrant by DNA sequencing of the integrant-specific PCR product.We integrated p4φC31.attP.9attB into the modified araD or galK locusfollowing the same procedure as used for integrating the p2φC31.attP.FRTwith modifications. We selected the colonies with integrants usingplates containing both Tet and Kan, transformed the selectedintermediates 6P3S2T.KanR.TetR or 10P3S2T.KanR.TetR with plasmidpBAD.TPin, and screened the resulting colonies using triple antibioticresistance (Tet, Kan and Amp). We grew the cells from one colony in 2 mlof antibiotic-free LB containing 1% l-arabinose, with shaking (250r.p.m.) at 43° C. for 6-8 h before spreading onto an antibiotic-freeplate and incubated at 43° C. overnight. l-arabinose induced expressionof both recombinases, however, the incubation temperature allowedsignificant TPin integrase activity but little φC31 integrase activity,resulting in the TPin integrase-mediated removal of attL and selectionof colonies with the desired integrant, 6P3S2T and ZYCY10P3S2T.

PLASMID GLOSSARY

1. P2øC31-a plasmid expresses øC31 integrase under the control of theL-arabinosearaC.BAD system; carrying a BAD.I-SceI cassette and an I-SceIsite, the plasmid can be eliminated through overnight culture with 1%L-arabinose.

2. p2øC31.attP.FRT—a plasmid for integrating 2 copies of BAD.øC31cassette through two FRT sites in the plasmid and in the genomic target,respectively; carrying the conditional R6K DNA origin and capable ofreplicating only in the cell expressing the pir protein, this plasmidwill be cured in BW27783 and other common laboratory strain lacking thepir gene.

3. p2øC31.hFIX, an old version of minicircle producer plasmid encodingthe ApoE.hFIX expression cassette, as described previously ₂. The makeupof the plasmid is shown as p2øC31.Transgene when the expression cassetteis the ApoE.hFIX (ApoE HCR enhancer, hAAT promoter, hFIX minigene, andbovine poly A signal).

4. P2øC31.Transgene—the previous minicircle producer plasmid.

5. p3BAD.I-SceI—a plasmid for generating fragment DNA encoding 3 copiesof BAD.ISceI cassette to be integrated through homologous recombination.

6. p4øC31.attP.9attP—a plasmid encoding 4 copies of BAD.øC31 cassettecapable of integrating through the øC31 integrase-mediated recombinationbetween the attP site in the plasmid and attB site in the genomictarget.

7. p9attP.TetR.attB—a plasmid for integrating the TetR flanked with theattB and 9attP sites into the genomic target site; 9attP, the plasmidattachment site of the bacteriophage TP901-1 integrase (TPin).

8. pBAD.RED—a plasmid expressing the bacteriophage Lambda RED homologousrecombinase system under the control of the L-arabinose-araC.BAD system;control under the heat sensitive DNA replication origin A101, it can beeliminated by growing the cells at 43° C. overnight.

9. pBAD.TPin—a plasmid expressing the TPin to mediate the elimination ofunwanted or harmful DNA elements through recombination between 9attB and9attP, under the control of the L-arabinose-araC.BAD system; similar tothat of p2øC31, the plasmid carrying the BAD.I-SceI cassette and anI-SceI site, allowing its own degradation when inducing expression ofI-SceI by L-arabinose.

10. pbla.LacY A177C—a plasmid for integrating the bla.LacY.A177Ccassette at the disrupted LacY region. Bla, promoter of beta-lactosidasegene; A177C, an Alanine to Cysteine mutation at codon 177.

11. pBS.81-SceIs—a pBlueScript base plasmid carrying 8 consecutiveI-SceI sites.

12. pcl587.FLP—a plasmid expressing flipase, which mediatesrecombination between 2 FRT sites, under the control of bacteriophageLambda pR promoter/cl587 repressor system.

13. pFRT.KanR.attB—a plasmid for generating PCR product encoding an attBsite and the KanR flanked with 2 FRT sites up- and down-stream,respectively.

14. pKanR.endA—a plasmid for generating pme1-fragment to interrupt theendA gene.

15. pLacY.TetR—a plasmid for generating DNA fragment to disrupt the LacYlocus with the selection marker, TetR.

16. pMC.ApoE.hFIX—a new version of minicircle producer plasmid forproducing minicircle encoding the ApoE.hFIX expression cassette.

17. pMC.CMV.LGNSO—a new version of minicircle producing plasmid forproduction of the minicircle encoding the reporter gfp and a set of 4transcription factors, including the LIN28, NANOG, SOX2 and OCT4, forconverting somatic cells to iPS cells through reprogramming.

18. pMC.RSV.hAAT—a new version of minicircle producer plasmid forproduction of minicircle encoding the RSV.hAAT expression cassette(RSV-LTR promoter, hAAT cDNA, and bovine poly A signal).

The preceding merely illustrates the principles of the invention. Itwill be appreciated that those skilled in the art will be able to devisevarious arrangements which, although not explicitly described or shownherein, embody the principles of the invention and are included withinits spirit and scope. Furthermore, all examples and conditional languagerecited herein are principally intended to aid the reader inunderstanding the principles of the invention and the conceptscontributed by the inventors to furthering the art, and are to beconstrued as being without limitation to such specifically recitedexamples and conditions. Moreover, all statements herein recitingprinciples, aspects, and embodiments of the invention as well asspecific examples thereof, are intended to encompass both structural andfunctional equivalents thereof. Additionally, it is intended that suchequivalents include both currently known equivalents and equivalentsdeveloped in the future, i.e., any elements developed that perform thesame function, regardless of structure. The scope of the presentinvention, therefore, is not intended to be limited to the exemplaryembodiments shown and described herein. Rather, the scope and spirit ofpresent invention is embodied by the appended claims.

1-16. (canceled)
 17. A method for introducing a minicircle nucleic acidvector into a target cell, said method comprising: introducing into thetarget cell a minicircle nucleic acid vector formulation that issubstantially free of contaminating nucleic acids that have a codingsequence for a unidirectional site-specific recombinase and/or arestriction endonuclease, wherein the formulation comprises: aminicircle nucleic acid vector comprising a polynucleotide of interestand a product hybrid sequence of the unidirectional site-specificrecombinase, wherein the minicircle nucleic acid vector is devoid ofplasmid backbone DNA sequences, wherein the formulation is prepared by amethod comprising: (a) transfecting a genetically modified bacterialcell with a circular parental plasmid, wherein said bacterial cell lacksfunctional endonuclease I and comprises a coding sequence for araE undercontrol of a constitutive promoter, and wherein the circular parentalplasmid comprises: (i) the polynucleotide of interest flanked by attBand attP recombination sites recognized by a unidirectionalsite-specific recombinase; and (ii) at least one restrictionendonuclease site recognized by a restriction endonuclease notendogenous to the bacterial cell; wherein present in said circularparental plasmid or said bacterial cell are sequences encoding theunidirectional site-specific recombinase and the restrictionendonuclease not endogenous to the bacterial cell; (b) incubating thebacterial cell under conditions and for a period of time sufficient toexpress the unidirectional site-specific recombinase and allow theunidirectional site-specific recombinase to recombine the attB and attPrecombination sites; and to express the restriction endonuclease andallow the restriction endonuclease to digest the restrictionendonuclease site, wherein the incubating provides a minicircle nucleicacid vector comprising the polynucleotide of interest and a producthybrid sequence of the unidirectional site-specific recombinase; and (c)purifying the minicircle nucleic acid vector to provide a minicirclenucleic acid vector composition substantially free of contaminatingnucleic acids.
 18. The method according to claim 17, wherein saidintroducing occurs ex vivo.
 19. The method according to claim 17,wherein said introducing occurs in vitro.
 20. The method according toclaim 17, wherein said target cell is a eukaryotic cell.
 21. The methodaccording to claim 20, wherein said target cell is an animal cell. 22.The method according to claim 21, wherein said target cell is present ina multicellular organism and said introducing comprises administeringsaid formulation to said organism.
 23. The method according to claim 22,wherein said organism is a mammal.
 24. The method according to claim 23,wherein the minicircle nucleic acid vector formulation comprises apharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
 25. The method according to claim17, wherein the minicircle nucleic acid vector comprises an expressioncassette.
 26. The method according to claim 25, wherein the expressioncassette directs the expression of a protein coding RNA.
 27. The methodaccording to claim 25, wherein the expression cassette directs theexpression of a non-translated RNA.
 28. The method according to claim27, wherein the non-translated RNA is selected from: a shRNA, amicroRNA, a siRNA, and an anti-sense RNA.
 29. A method for introducing aminicircle nucleic acid vector into a cell of an animal, said methodcomprising: administering to said animal a minicircle nucleic acidvector formulation that is substantially free of contaminating nucleicacids that have a coding sequence for a unidirectional site-specificrecombinase and/or a restriction endonuclease, wherein the formulationcomprises: a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, and a minicirclenucleic acid vector comprising a polynucleotide of interest and aproduct hybrid sequence of the unidirectional site-specific recombinase,wherein the minicircle nucleic acid vector is devoid of plasmid backboneDNA sequences, wherein the formulation is prepared by a methodcomprising: (a) transfecting a genetically modified bacterial cell witha circular parental plasmid, wherein said bacterial cell lacksfunctional endonuclease I and comprises a coding sequence for araE undercontrol of a constitutive promoter, and wherein the circular parentalplasmid comprises: (i) the polynucleotide of interest flanked by attBand attP recombination sites recognized by a unidirectionalsite-specific recombinase; and (ii) at least one restrictionendonuclease site recognized by a restriction endonuclease notendogenous to the bacterial cell; wherein present in said circularparental plasmid or said bacterial cell are sequences encoding theunidirectional site-specific recombinase and the restrictionendonuclease not endogenous to the bacterial cell; (b) incubating thebacterial cell under conditions and for a period of time sufficient toexpress the unidirectional site-specific recombinase and allow theunidirectional site-specific recombinase to recombine the attB and attPrecombination sites; and to express the restriction endonuclease andallow the restriction endonuclease to digest the restrictionendonuclease site, wherein the incubating provides a minicircle nucleicacid vector comprising the polynucleotide of interest and a producthybrid sequence of the unidirectional site-specific recombinase; and (c)purifying the minicircle nucleic acid vector to provide a minicirclenucleic acid vector composition substantially free of contaminatingnucleic acids.
 30. The method according to claim 29, wherein said animalis a mammal.
 31. The method according to claim 29, wherein theminicircle nucleic acid vector comprises an expression cassette.
 32. Themethod according to claim 31, wherein the expression cassette directsthe expression of a protein coding RNA.
 33. The method according toclaim 31, wherein the expression cassette directs the expression of anon-translated RNA.
 34. The method according to claim 33, wherein thenon-translated RNA is selected from: a shRNA, a microRNA, a siRNA, andan anti-sense RNA.